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. 2022 Feb 18;13:968. doi: 10.1038/s41467-022-28627-8

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 5 — a Photographs showing a failed labeling with solely heating at 150 °C for 3 min, while there was a successful labeling of poly (T)-tagged DNA with heating-dry method. Poly (A/C/G)-tagged DNA and non-poly base (NP) DNA probes exhibited failed labeling. An inefficient and failed labeling will lead to the AuNPs aggregation. b MW-assisted heating-dry method involves two consecutive processes: (i) MW-assisted heating induced high temperature unwinds the coiled structure of oligonucleotides. (ii) MW-assisted water evaporation concentrates the DNA/RNA, AuNPs and salt, thereby accelerating the attachment of DNA/RNA on the AuNPs surface. c DNA sequences without poly (T) tag present medium Au affinity at both terminals. Under heating-dry conditions, DNA adsorbed on the AuNPs surface disorderly. Inadequate DNA adsorption or DNA-mediated crosslink adsorption will cause the AuNPs aggregation. Benefiting from the low Au affinity of poly (T) tag, poly (T)-tagged DNA exhibits an “amphiphilic”-like characteristic. Therefore, the sequence at one end (either a random sequence with medium Au affinity or poly (A/C) sequence with high Au affinity) mediates the DNA-AuNP conjugation, and the poly (T)-contained sequence at the other end is distributed in the outer layer of SNA structure.