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. 2022 Feb 18;12:2788. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-06545-5

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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(A–L) Light micrographs of sections showing an overview of capsules adjacent to the opening of the implanted tubes (T). In all periods, well-defined capsules (C) are seen. In BIO specimens, several particles (brown/black color) are dispersed throughout the capsules (C). In all periods, thin capsules are observed in the CG. Note necrosis areas (N) in the capsules around Bio-C Temp (A) and Calen paste (B,E,H,K). Bars: 152 µm. (M–O) High magnification of portions of capsules in close juxtaposition to the Bio-C Temp at 7 days (M) and Calen paste at 7 (N) and 60 (O) days; necrosis areas (asterisks) are observed. Arrows, inflammatory cells; Fb, fibroblast; GC, multinucleated giant cell. Bars: 27 µm. HE. (P) The graphic shows the values (expressed as mean ± standard deviation) of capsule thickness (in µm). In each period, the comparison among the groups is indicated by superscript letters; different letters = significant difference. The superscript numbers indicate the analysis of each group over time; different numbers = significant difference. Tukey’s test (p ≤ 0.05).