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. 2021 Aug 19;71(7):1386–1398. doi: 10.1136/gutjnl-2021-324109

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© Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2022. Re-use permitted under CC BY-NC. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ.

This is an open access article distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited, appropriate credit is given, any changes made indicated, and the use is non-commercial. See: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/.

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GM-CSF expression is elevated in human iCCA tumours, and its levels inversely correlate with survival. (A) Representative images show GM-CSF expression by IHC staining in tissue sections from normal human liver and iCCA tumour. Images were acquired at 200x magnification. (B) Graph compares GM-CSF expression in adjacent liver (n=27) versus iCCA tumours (n=27) after digital quantification of IHC staining using the Aperio positive pixel count algorithm. Bars indicate means±SEM, and p values were determined by Wilcoxon rank-sum test. ****p<0.0001. (C) Kaplan-Meier curve compares patient overall survival post-surgical resection for iCCA after GM-CSF IHC staining intensity in patient tumour sections was digitally quantified and stratified into low (n=11) and high (n=19) GM-CSF expressing cohorts. Patients with mortality within 30 days after surgery were excluded from the analysis. P value determined by log-rank test. GM-CSF, granulocyte–macrophage colony-stimulating factor; iCCA, intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma.