Table 3.
Physical Activity, neuropsychological, mobility, and sleep and quality of life measures.
| Outcomes Mean change ± SD |
Intervention (n = 18) |
Control (n = 14) |
Statistical Analysis |
df | F/t | p- value |
∣d∣ |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Physical activity, steps | |||||||
| Total mean | 10221 ± 1085 | 8000 ± 2832 | Mixed-effects linear model | 1, 29 | 8.9 | .0057* | .93 |
| week 01 | 10303 ± 1428 | 8086 ± 3006 | Planned t-test | 29 | 2.51 | .01* | .97 |
| week 02 | 10284 ± 1792 | 7973 ± 2686 | Planned t-test | 29 | 2.61 | .01* | 1.03 |
| week 03 | 10456 ± 1972 | 7925 ± 3288 | Planned t-test | 29 | 2.9 | .006* | .96 |
| week 04 | 9842 ± 1441 | 8016 ± 3526 | Planned t-test | 29 | 2.07 | .04* | .70 |
| Cognitive function | |||||||
| TMT-A, seconds | −4.1 ± 9.0 | 2.8 ± 6.3 | Pooled t-test | 30 | 2.46 | .02* | .88 |
| TMT-B, seconds | −18.7 ± 51.3 | −13.7 ± 50.1 | Pooled t-test | 30 | .28 | .78 | .10 |
| Stroop Word reading, score | 7.8 ± 15.5 | −0.3 ± 1.2 | t-test | 17.3 | 2.2 | .04* | .69 |
| Stroop Color naming, score | 5.2 ± 10.8 | 4.6 ± 14.5 | Pooled t-test | 30 | .14 | .88 | 05 |
| RAVLT A1-A5, score | 4.4 ± 12.2 | 5.1 ± 7.1 | t-test | 20.8 | .17 | .87 | .07 |
| RAVLT RI, score | −0.06 ± 0.3 | 0.1 ± 0.5 | Pooled t-test | 26 | 1.12 | .27 | .39 |
| RAVLT PI, score | −0.14 ± 0.5 | −0.13 ± 0.4 | Pooled t-test | 26 | .07 | .94 | .02 |
| TUG, seconds | |||||||
| TUG-regular | .29 ± 1.44 | .38 ± 1.27 | Pooled t-test | 25 | .18 | .85 | .07 |
| TUG-motor | .15 ± 1.08 | .28 ± 1.28 | Pooled t-test | 25 | .28 | .78 | .11 |
| TUG-DTE, motor, % | 1.0 ± 11.0 | .09 ± 8.5 | Pooled t-test | 25 | .03 | .97 | .19 |
| TUG-cog01 | −0.61 ± 1.7 | 0.50 ± 1.54 | Pooled t-test | 25 | 1.78 | .08** | .69 |
| TUG-DTE, cog01, % | 10.0 ± 17.0 | −1.0 ± 14.0 | Pooled t-test | 25 | 1.98 | .05* | .07 |
| TUG-cog02 | 0.10 ± 1.6 | 0.57 ± 1.63 | Pooled t-test | 25 | .75 | .46 | .29 |
| TUG-DTE, cog02, % | 2.3 ± 16.9 | −1.7 ± 14.4 | Pooled t-test | 25 | .65 | .51 | .14 |
| Sleep and Quality of Life | |||||||
| PSQI, score | −0.35 ± 4.8 | −0.50 ± 3.05 | Pooled t-test | 26 | .09 | .92 | .04 |
| WHOQOL, score | |||||||
| Physical | 3.5 ± 13.8 | −3.65 ± 9.75 | Pooled t-test | 26 | 1.58 | .13 | .59 |
| Psychological | 0.29 ± 13.7 | −2.15 ± 10.73 | Pooled t-test | 26 | .52 | .60 | .20 |
| Social | −1.71 ± 18.9 | 11.57 ± 18.22 | Pooled t-test | 26 | 1.89 | .07 | .71 |
| Environmental | −6.21 ± 14.36 | −1.28 ± 14.93 | Pooled t-test | 26 | .89 | .38 | .34 |
Abbreviations. n = sample; SD = standard deviation; df = degree of freedom; ∣d∣ = Cohen’s d effect size; TMT = Trail Making Test; RAVLT = Rey Auditory Visual Learning Test; TUG = Timed up and Go; DTE = Dual task effect; PSQI = Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index; WHOQOL = World Health Organization’s quality of life.
Note.
*
= p < .05
**
= p < .09