Table 1:
Correlates of Opioid PDM and Co-Ingestion Status in Young Adults (18-25 Years of Age)
| No Past-Year Opioid PDM |
Past-Year but not Past-Month Opioid PDM |
Past-Month PDM without Alcohol Co- Ingestion |
Past-Month PDM with Alcohol Co- Ingestion |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sample Size | 65,176 | 3,472 | 839 | 410 |
| Physical Health Correlates | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) |
| Self-reported Fair or Poor Health | 1.00 (reference) | 1.55 (1.35-1.78)*** | 2.14 (1.66-2.75)*** | 2.13 (1.46-3.12)*** |
| Currently Uninsured | 1.00 (reference) | 1.02 (0.90-1.17) | 1.08 (0.87-1.34) | 1.40 (0.97-2.03) |
| Past-year Emergency Department Use | 1.00 (reference) | 1.80 (1.64-1.98)*** | 1.63 (1.33-2.01)*** | 2.21 (1.77-2.76)*** |
| Past-year Hospitalization | 1.00 (reference) | 1.76 (1.53-2.03)*** | 1.88 (1.42-2. 49)*** | 2.41 (1.75-3.31)*** |
| Past-year Sexually Transmitted Disease | 1.00 (reference) | 2.48 (2.09-2.93)*** | 2.51 (1.93-3.26)*** | 4.84 (3.23-7.26)***+ |
| Mental Health Correlates | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) |
| Past-year Mental Health Treatment | 1.00 (reference) | 2.13 (1.90-2.37)*** | 2.19 (1.67-2.87)*** | 3.36 (2.55-4.45)***+ |
| Past-year Major Depression | 1.00 (reference) | 2.54 (2.26-2.87)*** | 2.22 (1.66-2.95)*** | 2.57 (1.87-3.52)*** |
| Past-year Serious Psychological Distress | 1.00 (reference) | 2.61 (2.39-2.84)*** | 2.41 (1.99-2.92)*** | 2.98 (2.31-3.85)*** |
| Past-year Suicidal Ideation | 1.00 (reference) | 2.95 (2.64-3.28)*** | 3.05 (2.44-3.81)*** | 3.54 (2.75-4.55)*** |
| Substance Use Correlates | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) |
| Past-month Binge Alcohol Use | 1.00 (reference) | 2.68 (2.44-2.96)*** | 1.56 (1.28-1.90)*** | 21.91 (12.82-37.44)***++ |
| Past-month Marijuana Use | 1.00 (reference) | 4.30 (3.95-4.67)*** | 5.57 (4.59-6.77)*** | 12.53 (9.33-16.83)***++ |
| Past-month Nicotine Dependence | 1.00 (reference) | 3.90 (3.47-4.59)*** | 4.68 (3.91-5.60)*** | 8.58 (6.81-10.81)***++ |
| Past-month Non-Marijuana Illicit Drug Use | 1.00 (reference) | 6.65 (5.80-7.64)*** | 7.88 (6.11-10.15)*** | 30.23 (21.24-43.03)***++ |
| Any past-year DSM-IV SUD | 1.00 (reference) | 6.58 (5.91-7.32)*** | 7.63 (6.25-9.30)*** | 18.33 (14.50-23.19)***++ |
| Multiple past-year SUDs | 1.00 (reference) | 10.51 (9.01-12.26)*** | 12.39 (9.94-15.46)*** | 33.79 (27.00-42.29)***++ |
Data Source: 2015-19 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH)
PDM = Prescription Drug Misuse; OR = Odds Ratio; 95% CI = 95% confidence interval of the point prevalence estimate; SUD = Substance Use Disorder
Bonferroni-corrected significant differences from the reference group denoted as
*
p ≤ 0.008
**
p ≤ 0.0017
***
p ≤ 0.00017 (adjusted for six comparisons).
+
denotes significantly different from past-year but not Past-Month PDM
++
denotes significantly difference from all other categories (both p < 0.008).