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. 2022 Jan 19;11(1):21–38. doi: 10.1007/s40120-021-00315-7

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License, which permits any non-commercial use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — Representative photographs showing neuropathy in anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis. Cross-sections (a–d) and a teased-fiber preparation (e) of sural nerve biopsy specimens obtained from patients with microscopic polyangiitis. a Epineurial vessels indicated by arrows show fibrinoid necrosis. Massive inflammatory cell infiltration was observed around these vessels. The endoneurium, where nerve fibers are located, is indicated by asterisks. b A high-powered view of the region in the box in (a). c The density of myelinated fibers is reduced. d Degeneration of myelinated fibers is evident (arrows) via electron microscopy. e Teased-fiber preparations also demonstrated myelinated fiber degeneration. Hematoxylin and eosin staining (a, b), toluidine blue staining (c), uranyl acetate and lead citrate staining (d), and osmium staining (e). Scale bars = 100 μm (a), 50 μm (b, c, e), and 5 μm (d)