Table 1.

Most used antibiotic alternative treatment agents for Salmonella control.

Treatment agents	Bird	Impact	References
Lactobacillus reuteri	Broiler chicken	Suppress the growth of Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus aureus, E. coli, S. Typhimurium, Helicobacter pylori, and rotavirus	Seo et al. (2010)
Lactobacillus reuteri	Broiler chicken	Inhibits C. perfringens propagation	Cao et al. (2012)
Pediococcus acidilactici, mannan-oligosaccharide, and butyric acid	Broiler chicken	Reduces the colonization of S. Typhimurium and improves bird weight gain.	Jazi et al. (2018)
Enterococcus faecium	Layer chickens	Stimulates antibody production following live attenuated S. Enteritidis vaccination by intestinal microbiota modulation.	Beirão et al. (2018)
Bifidobacteria and Lactobacillus	Broiler chicken	Limits colonization of Salmonella enterica and improve bird body condition	El-Sharkawy et al. (2020)
Fructo-oligosaccharide	Broiler chicken	Limits Salmonella Enteritidis colonization by increased ileal mucosa thickness and improving immune response	Shang et al. (2015) Xu et al. (2003)
E. Faecium and fructooligosaccharides	Layer chicken	Increase quality and quantity of eggs	Radu-Rusu et al. (2010)
Prebiotics	poultry	Increase body weight	Abd El-Hack et al. (2021a)
Acetic, lactic, and formic acid	Broiler chicken	Limits S. Typhimurium propagation in the chicken crop	Byrd et al. (2001)
Acetic acid 0.01, 0.1, and 1% concentration	In-vitro	Ineffective in reducing S. Enteritidis levels	Barnhart et al. (1999)
Sodium propionate or calcium propionate	Layer chicken	Improved egg production, egg weight, and FCR	Dahiya et al. (2016)
Cinnamaldehyde	Broiler chicken	Lowered S. Enteritidis propagation in chicken cecal content	Kollanoor-Johny et al. (2010)
Cinnamaldehyde and eugenol	Broiler chicken	Reduce S. enteritidis load	Kollanoor-Johny et al. (2012)
Cinnamaldehyde, eugenol, thymol, and carvacrol	In vitro Broiler chicken	Antibacterial effect against S. enteritidis	Kollanoor-Johny et al. (2010)
Trans-cinnamaldehyde and eugenol's	Broiler chicken	Decreased S. enteritidis colonization	Kollanoor-Johny et al. (2012a)
Oregano and thyme	Broiler chicken	Reduced Salmonella species colonization	Koščová et al. (2006)
Essential oils.	Eggs	Reduce shell egg contamination with S. enteritidis	Upadhyaya et al. (2013)
Lemongrass extract	In vitro	Inhibitory effect against S. typhimurium S. enterica	Singh and Ebibeni (2016)
Chitosan	Broiler chicken	Reduced S. Typhimurium colonization	Menconi et al. (2014)
Chitosan	In vitro	Antibacterial activity against S. Paratyphi and Staphylococcus aureus	Islam et al. (2011)
Chitosan	In vitro	Antibacterial activity against intracellular S. Typhimurium	Edson et al. (2021)
Insect chitosan	Food safety studies	Antibacterial effect against S. Typhimurium, E. coli O157:H7 and Listeria monocytogenes	Ibañez-Peinado et al. (2020)
Chitosan and lactic acid	Chilled chicken	Control of Salmonella and E. coli contamination	El-Khawasa et al. (2020)
Fe3O4 magnetic nanoparticles	Broiler chicken	Reduced the viability of intracellular S. Enteritidis	Shen et al. (2020)
Silver nanoparticles	In vitro	Antibacterial effect against S.Typhimurium, S. Enteritidis and E. coli O78	Mohamed et al. (2017)
Zinc oxide nanoparticles	Broiler chicken	Bactericidal effect against S. Typhimurium and Staphylococcus aureus	SILVA et al. (2021)
Gold nanoparticles	In vitro	Inhibitory effect against S. Typhimuruim, S. typhi, and S. paratyphi	El Sabry et al. (2018); Boatemaa et al. (2019)
Thymol nanoemulsion	Broiler chicken	Antibacterial activity against S. Typhimurium	Ibrahim et al. (2021)
Sunflower oil nanoemulsion	In vitro	Antibacterial activity against foodborne bacteria such as Salmonella typhi	Joe et al. (2012)
Garlic and onion extract chitosan nanoparticles	In vitro	Minimize the colonization of pathogenic enteric bacteria especially, E. coli, S. typhi, and C. jejuni	Enoka et al. (2021)