Table 2.
Statistical parameters of selected thin-layer drying models under a naturally-ventilated solar-venturi dryer.
| T [mm] | Model | Blanching |
Lemon juice |
Salting |
Control |
||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| R2 | RMSE | χ2 | R2 | RMSE | χ2 | R2 | RMSE | χ2 | R2 | RMSE | χ2 | ||
| 3 | Henderson and Pabis | 0.937 | 0.078 | 2.16 × 10−3 | 0.848 | 0.121 | 2.71 × 10−2 | 0.920 | 0.091 | 1.56 × 10−3 | 0.912 | 0.102 | 2.11 × 10−3 |
| Modified Henderson and Pabis | 0.975 | 0.060 | 4.87 × 10−4 | 0.924 | 0.104 | 1.86 × 10−3 | 0.953 | 0.085 | 1.02 × 10−4 | 0.968 | 0.075 | 3.05 × 10−4 | |
| Logarithmic | 0.957 | 0.067 | 8.32 × 10−3 | 0.916 | 0.094 | 1.46 × 10−3 | 0.942 | 0.080 | 1.56 × 10−3 | 0.952 | 0.078 | 1.88 × 10−4 | |
| Two-term | 0.937 | 0.081 | 1.84 × 10−3 | 0.848 | 0.126 | 2.71 × 10−2 | 0.920 | 0.095 | 1.86 × 10−3 | 0.912 | 0.106 | 2.11 × 10−3 | |
| Two-term exponential | 0.980 | 0.044 | 4.32 × 10−4 | 0.950 | 0.069 | 8.80 × 10−4 | 0.974 | 0.051 | 8.25 × 10−4 | 0.937 | 0.085 | 2.16 × 10−4 | |
| Midilli et al. | 0.989 | 0.014 | 2.08 × 10−5 | 0.988 | 0.042 | 3.15 × 10−5 | 0.984 | 0.044 | 3.14 × 10−5 | 0.992 | 0.033 | 1.75 × 10−6 | |
| Modified Midilli | 0.985 | 0.042 | 3.04 × 10−5 | 0.974 | 0.053 | 4.95 × 10−5 | 0.983 | 0.042 | 3.37 × 10−5 | 0.992 | 0.031 | 1.77 × 10−6 | |
| Hii et al., | 0.981 | 0.049 | 4.00 × 10−5 | 0.981 | 0.049 | 4.83 × 10−5 | 0.986 | 0.047 | 1.39 × 10−5 | 0.988 | 0.043 | 5.41 × 10−5 | |
| Demir et al., | 0.984 | 0.046 | 3.11 × 10−5 | 0.977 | 0.051 | 4.93 × 10−4 | 0.984 | 0.045 | 3.57 × 10−5 | 0.994 | 0.030 | 4.63 × 10−6 | |
| Verma et al., | 0.981 | 0.045 | 4.00 × 10−5 | 0.954 | 0.069 | 5.23 × 10−4 | 0.974 | 0.054 | 5.44 × 10−4 | 0.985 | 0.044 | 2.48 × 10−5 | |
| Sigmoid | 0.964 | 0.068 | 1.42 × 10−4 | 0.979 | 0.052 | 1.29 × 10−4 | 0.982 | 0.050 | 3.68 × 10−5 | 0.991 | 0.038 | 3.48 × 10−5 | |
| 5 | Henderson and Pabis | 0.877 | 0.119 | 5.09 × 10−2 | 0.870 | 0.114 | 3.26 × 10−2 | 0.862 | 0.137 | 4.67 × 10−2 | 0.906 | 0.110 | 2.58 × 10−3 |
| Modified Henderson and Pabis | 0.976 | 0.051 | 3.75 × 10−3 | 0.903 | 0.120 | 2.65 × 10−3 | 0.976 | 0.039 | 3.69 × 10−4 | 0.970 | 0.076 | 7.55 × 10−4 | |
| Logarithmic | 0.947 | 0.081 | 1.63 × 10−3 | 0.957 | 0.068 | 1.52 × 10−4 | 0.927 | 0.104 | 3.94 × 10−3 | 0.940 | 0.092 | 3.15 × 10−4 | |
| Two-term | 0.876 | 0.124 | 1.29 × 10−2 | 0.870 | 0.119 | 3.27 × 10−2 | 0.862 | 0.143 | 4.08 × 10−2 | 0.906 | 0.115 | 3.05 × 10−3 | |
| Modified Two-term | 0.968 | 0.060 | 8.85 × 10−4 | 0.951 | 0.070 | 1.34 × 10−4 | 0.958 | 0.075 | 1.65 × 10−4 | 0.977 | 0.055 | 7.45 × 10−4 | |
| Midilli et al. | 0.992 | 0.031 | 2.39 × 10−6 | 0.987 | 0.047 | 2.26 × 10−5 | 0.985 | 0.049 | 4.14 × 10−5 | 0.992 | 0.038 | 2.44 × 10−6 | |
| Modified Midilli et al., | 0.985 | 0.042 | 4.19 × 10−5 | 0.977 | 0.981 | 3.17 × 10−5 | 0.985 | 0.025 | 4.10 × 10−5 | 0.990 | 0.037 | 2.39 × 10−6 | |
| Hii et al., | 0.984 | 0.049 | 3.78 × 10−5 | 0.984 | 0.039 | 2.87 × 10−5 | 0.978 | 0.063 | 1.22 × 10−4 | 0.983 | 0.054 | 1.08 × 10−5 | |
| Derma et al., | 0.982 | 0.050 | 4.29 × 10−5 | 0.987 | 0.057 | 5.40 × 10−5 | 0.985 | 0.049 | 4.21 × 10−5 | 0.991 | 0.038 | 2.49 × 10−6 | |
| Verma et al., | 0.981 | 0.049 | 1.27 × 10−4 | 0.957 | 0.068 | 2.87 × 10−4 | 0.964 | 0.073 | 1.52 × 10−4 | 0.978 | 0.055 | 3.23 × 10−4 | |
| Sigmoid | 0.980 | 0.055 | 1.92 × 10−4 | 0.983 | 0.020 | 3.75 × 10−5 | 0.985 | 0.052 | 4.37 × 10−5 | 0.970 | 0.069 | 4.76 × 10−5 | |
| 7 | Henderson and Pabis | 0.925 | 0.093 | 4.43 × 10−4 | 0.885 | 0.121 | 3.27 × 10−4 | 0.905 | 0.111 | 2.71 × 10−4 | 0.915 | 0.104 | 2.40 × 10−4 |
| Modified Henderson and Pabis | 0.955 | 0.088 | 1.06 × 10−4 | 0.951 | 0.097 | 1.57 × 10−4 | 0.986 | 0.053 | 4.72 × 10−4 | 0.967 | 0.079 | 8.98 × 10−4 | |
| Logarithmic | 0.976 | 0.055 | 6.52 × 10−4 | 0.885 | 0.127 | 2.69 × 10−4 | 0.946 | 0.087 | 2.77 × 10−4 | 0.942 | 0.089 | 2.30 × 10−4 | |
| Two-term | 0.925 | 0.097 | 4.43 × 10−4 | 0.963 | 0.069 | 3.13 × 10−4 | 0.905 | 0.147 | 2.81 × 10−4 | 0.915 | 0.108 | 2.40 × 10−3 | |
| Modified Two-term | 0.979 | 0.049 | 1.42 × 10−4 | 0.978 | 0.058 | 1.18 × 10−5 | 0.978 | 0.054 | 5.83 × 10−4 | 0.969 | 0.062 | 8.34 × 10−4 | |
| Midilli et al. | 0.989 | 0.033 | 3.36 × 10−6 | 0.987 | 0.056 | 6.74 × 10−6 | 0.987 | 0.051 | 3.44 × 10−5 | 0.982 | 0.067 | 5.56 × 10−5 | |
| Modified Midilli et al., | 0.984 | 0.046 | 6.86 × 10−5 | 0.981 | 0.058 | 6.16 × 10−5 | 0.983 | 0.052 | 5.33 × 10−4 | 0.980 | 0.064 | 6.43 × 10−5 | |
| Hii et al., | 0.983 | 0.047 | 9.53 × 10−5 | 0.966 | 0.068 | 5.01 × 10−5 | 0.992 | 0.037 | 1.54 × 10−4 | 0.984 | 0.051 | 1.78 × 10−5 | |
| Demir et al., | 0.983 | 0.047 | 1.41 × 10−4 | 0.980 | 0.059 | 6.46 × 10−5 | 0.981 | 0.054 | 5.55 × 10−5 | 0.971 | 0.067 | 8.98 × 10−4 | |
| Verma et al., | 0.981 | 0.049 | 1.89 × 10−4 | 0.979 | 0.057 | 5.12 × 10−5 | 0.980 | 0.054 | 1.51 × 10−4 | 0.970 | 0.065 | 2.57 × 10−4 | |
| Sigmoid et al., | 0.973 | 0.065 | 2.03 × 10−4 | 0.978 | 0.059 | 1.18 × 10−3 | 0.973 | 0.074 | 2.03 × 10−3 | 0.969 | 0.072 | 1.16 × 10−4 | |
∗T [mm] = Slice thickness (in mm), R2 = coefficient of determination, RMSE = root mean square error and χ2 = Chi-squared.