Table 3.
Statistical parameters of selected thin-layer drying models under hot-air oven drying.
| T [mm] | Model | Blanching |
Lemon juice |
Salting |
Control |
||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| R2 | RMSE | χ2 | R2 | RMSE | χ2 | R2 | RMSE | χ2 | R2 | RMSE | χ2 | ||
| 3 | Henderson and Pabis | 0.989 | 0.030 | 5.03 × 10−5 | 0.990 | 0.037 | 2.39 × 10−5 | 0.991 | 0.035 | 7.42 × 10−6 | 0.992 | 0.032 | 5.93 × 10−6 |
| Modified Henderson and Pabis | 0.996 | 0.025 | 4.28 × 10−6 | 0.999 | 0.013 | 2.34 × 10−6 | 0.998 | 0.016 | 5.33 × 10−6 | 0.999 | 0.007 | 5.94 × 10−6 | |
| Logarithmic | 0.993 | 0.030 | 2.20 × 10−5 | 0.990 | 0.037 | 2.61 × 10−6 | 0.991 | 0.036 | 7.67 × 10−6 | 0.992 | 0.032 | 5.93 × 10−6 | |
| Two-term | 0.993 | 0.031 | 3.93 × 10−5 | 0.991 | 0.036 | 2.38 × 10−6 | 0.992 | 0.034 | 4.92 × 10−6 | 0.991 | 0.032 | 5.55 × 10−6 | |
| Modified Two-term | 0.989 | 0.038 | 3.93 × 10−5 | 0.990 | 0.036 | 2.87 × 10−6 | 0.985 | 0.046 | 7.54 × 10−5 | 0.990 | 0.036 | 5.06 × 10−6 | |
| Midilli et al. | 0.999 | 0.012 | 2.69 × 10−6 | 0.999 | 0.012 | 2.40 × 10−6 | 0.998 | 0.016 | 3.71 × 10−6 | 0.999 | 0.013 | 2.51 × 10−6 | |
| Modified Midilli | 0.999 | 0.013 | 3.31 × 10−6 | 0.999 | 0.013 | 2.40 × 10−6 | 0.998 | 0.016 | 7.46 × 10−6 | 0.998 | 0.016 | 5.57 × 10−6 | |
| Hii et al., | 0.986 | 0.045 | 5.12 × 10−5 | 0.999 | 0.010 | 2.39 × 10−6 | 0.997 | 0.017 | 7.54 × 10−6 | 0.997 | 0.018 | 5.54 × 10−6 | |
| Demir et al. | 0.988 | 0.040 | 4.89 × 10−5 | 0.999 | 0.011 | 2.80 × 10−6 | 0.998 | 0.016 | 6.54 × 10−6 | 0.999 | 0.013 | 5.48 × 10−6 | |
| Verma et al., | 0.989 | 0.038 | 4.39 × 10−5 | 0.999 | 0.013 | 2.95 × 10−6 | 0.996 | 0.018 | 7.46 × 10−6 | 0.990 | 0.037 | 5.67 × 10−5 | |
| Sigmoid | 0.989 | 0.013 | 4.94 × 10−5 | 0.929 | 0.182 | 2.65 × 10−3 | 0.879 | 0.183 | 7.71 × 10−3 | 0.998 | 0.014 | 5.80 × 10−6 | |
| 5 | Henderson and Pabis | 0.993 | 0.030 | 4.62 × 10−5 | 0.995 | 0.026 | 4.25 × 10−5 | 0.994 | 0.028 | 1.85 × 10−6 | 0.997 | 0.021 | 1.67 × 10−6 |
| Modified Henderson and Pabis | 0.998 | 0.017 | 2.36 × 10−6 | 0.998 | 0.016 | 4.17 × 10−6 | 0.998 | 0.017 | 1.83 × 10−6 | 0.996 | 0.022 | 2.13 × 10−6 | |
| Logarithmic | 0.993 | 0.030 | 2.33 × 10−5 | 0.995 | 0.026 | 4.47 × 10−6 | 0.994 | 0.028 | 1.86 × 10−6 | 0.997 | 0.021 | 1.95 × 10−6 | |
| Two-term | 0.993 | 0.025 | 4.62 × 10−5 | 0.994 | 0.027 | 4.07 × 10−6 | 0.985 | 0.046 | 1.67 × 10−5 | 0.995 | 0.023 | 2.01 × 10−6 | |
| Modified Two-term | 0.990 | 0.037 | 2.63 × 10−5 | 0.996 | 0.023 | 4.16 × 10−6 | 0.985 | 0.046 | 1.98 × 10−5 | 0.996 | 0.023 | 2.05 × 10−6 | |
| Midilli et al. | 0.999 | 0.012 | 4.33 × 10−6 | 0.999 | 0.011 | 4.52 × 10−6 | 0.998 | 0.016 | 1.79 × 10−6 | 0.999 | 0.012 | 2.91 × 10−6 | |
| Modified Midilli et al., | 0.999 | 0.013 | 4.64 × 10−6 | 0.998 | 0.013 | 4.50 × 10−6 | 0.998 | 0.016 | 1.90 × 10−6 | 0.999 | 0.013 | 2.00 × 10−6 | |
| Hii et al., | 0.999 | 0.011 | 4.83 × 10−6 | 0.999 | 0.010 | 4.56 × 10−6 | 0.998 | 0.017 | 1.92 × 10−6 | 0.998 | 0.012 | 1.93 × 10−6 | |
| Demir et al., | 0.890 | 0.070 | 4.53 × 10−3 | 0.999 | 0.012 | 3.54 × 10−6 | 0.998 | 0.017 | 1.87 × 10−6 | 0.999 | 0.012 | 1.98 × 10−6 | |
| Verma et al., | 0.999 | 0.012 | 4.61 × 10−5 | 0.993 | 0.031 | 4.30 × 10−6 | 0.990 | 0.038 | 1.90 × 10−6 | 0.996 | 0.023 | 2.02 × 10−6 | |
| Sigmoid | 0.890 | 0.126 | 4.60 × 10−3 | 0.870 | 0.185 | 4.09 × 10−3 | 0.880 | 0.127 | 1.79 × 10−3 | 0.935 | 0.095 | 1.98 × 10−3 | |
| 7 | Henderson and Pabis | 0.995 | 0.025 | 3.37 × 10−6 | 0.997 | 0.021 | 3.33 × 10−6 | 0.995 | 0.025 | 3.10 × 10−6 | 0.996 | 0.023 | 5.27 × 10−6 |
| Modified Henderson and Pabis | 0.999 | 0.011 | 3.59 × 10−6 | 0.998 | 0.010 | 3.36 × 10−6 | 0.999 | 0.014 | 3.04 × 10−6 | 0.998 | 0.018 | 4.88 × 10−6 | |
| Logarithmic | 0.995 | 0.025 | 3.49 × 10−6 | 0.997 | 0.021 | 3.72 × 10−6 | 0.995 | 0.026 | 3.11 × 10−6 | 0.996 | 0.023 | 5.01 × 10−6 | |
| Two-term | 0.995 | 0.023 | 1.62 × 10−6 | 0.996 | 0.020 | 3.43 × 10−6 | 0.992 | 0.033 | 3.13 × 10−5 | 0.996 | 0.024 | 5.10 × 10−6 | |
| Modified Two-term | 0.993 | 0.031 | 9.32 × 10−5 | 0.995 | 0.026 | 3.42 × 10−6 | 0.989 | 0.036 | 3.01 × 10−5 | 0.998 | 0.012 | 4.84 × 10−6 | |
| Midilli et al. | 0.999 | 0.011 | 2.14 × 10−6 | 0.999 | 0.011 | 3.38 × 10−6 | 0.999 | 0.014 | 3.61 × 10−6 | 0.999 | 0.011 | 4.60 × 10−6 | |
| Modified Midilli et al., | 0.998 | 0.012 | 1.68 × 10−6 | 0.998 | 0.016 | 3.42 × 10−6 | 0.998 | 0.015 | 7.52 × 10−6 | 0.999 | 0.014 | 4.91 × 10−6 | |
| Hii et al., | 0.997 | 0.010 | 2.69 × 10−6 | 0.998 | 0.010 | 3.04 × 10−6 | 0.999 | 0.014 | 3.11 × 10−6 | 0.998 | 0.015 | 4.94 × 10−6 | |
| Demir et al., | 0.998 | 0.011 | 1.61 × 10−6 | 0.997 | 0.016 | 3.42 × 10−6 | 0.997 | 0.018 | 2.87 × 10−6 | 0.988 | 0.041 | 4.94 × 10−5 | |
| Verma et al., | 0.996 | 0.023 | 1.58 × 10−6 | 0.995 | 0.027 | 3.50 × 10−6 | 0.998 | 0.016 | 3.21 × 10−6 | 0.999 | 0.011 | 5.05 × 10−6 | |
| Sigmoid | 0.966 | 0.070 | 1.37 × 10−5 | 0.879 | 0.183 | 3.51 × 10−3 | 0.879 | 0.127 | 2.78 × 10−3 | 0.923 | 0.106 | 4.92 × 10−3 | |
∗T (mm) = Thickness (in mm), R2 = coefficient of determination, RMSE = root mean square error and χ2 = Chi-squared.