. 2022 Feb 19;10(1):462–474. doi: 10.1007/s40615-022-01236-3

Table 1.

Matrix of Determinants of Vaccine Hesitancy

Matrix group	Matrix factors	Emergent themes
Contextual influences	1. Communication & media environment 2. Influential leaders, immune 3. Historical influences 4. Religion/culture/gender/socioeconomic 5. Politics/policies 6. Geographical barriers 7. Perception of pharmaceutical industry	(i) Communication & media environment (ii) Historical influences (iii) Politics (iv) Perception of pharmaceutical industry (v) Technological and access barriers
Individual and group influences	8. Personal, family, and/or community member experience with vaccination, including pain 9. Beliefs, attitudes 10. Knowledge/awareness 11. Health system and providers-trust and personal experience 12. Risk/benefits (perceived, heuristics) 13. Immunization as a social norm	(vi) Personal, family, and/or community member experience (vii) Beliefs, attitudes (viii) Knowledge/awareness (ix) Perception of healthcare providers
Vaccine/vaccination-specific issues	14. Risk/benefits (epidemiological and scientific evidence) 15. Introduction of a new vaccine 16. Mode of administration 17. Design of vaccination program 18. Reliability and/or source of vaccine 19. Vaccination schedule 20. Costs 21. Strength of recommendation	(x) Introduction of a new vaccine

Matrix group

Matrix factors

Emergent themes

Contextual influences

1. Communication & media environment

2. Influential leaders, immune

3. Historical influences

4. Religion/culture/gender/socioeconomic

5. Politics/policies

6. Geographical barriers

7. Perception of pharmaceutical industry

(i) Communication & media environment

(ii) Historical influences

(iii) Politics

(iv) Perception of pharmaceutical industry

(v) Technological and access barriers

Individual and group influences

8. Personal, family, and/or community member experience with vaccination, including pain

9. Beliefs, attitudes

10. Knowledge/awareness

11. Health system and providers-trust and

personal experience

12. Risk/benefits (perceived, heuristics)

13. Immunization as a social norm

(vi) Personal, family, and/or community member experience

(vii) Beliefs, attitudes

(viii) Knowledge/awareness

(ix) Perception of healthcare providers

Vaccine/vaccination-specific issues

14. Risk/benefits (epidemiological and scientific evidence)

15. Introduction of a new vaccine

16. Mode of administration

17. Design of vaccination program

18. Reliability and/or source of vaccine

19. Vaccination schedule

20. Costs

21. Strength of recommendation

(x) Introduction of a new vaccine