Table 2.
Pulmonary manifestations in patients with different forms of vasculitis
| TAK | GCA | GPA | MPA | EGPA | PAN | IgAV | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Clinical features, patients (%) | |||||||
| Any respiratory symptom | 37 (21.8) | 104 (15.8) | 358 (64.5) | 147 (65.9) | 130 (89.0) | 13 (27.1) | 9 (5.9) |
| Dyspnoea | 25 (14.7) | 51 (7.8) | 232 (41.8) | 97 (43.5) | 96 (65.8) | 9 (18.8) | 4 (2.6) |
| Any cough | 13 (7.6) | 61 (9.3) | 193 (34.8) | 84 (37.7) | 81 (55.5) | 8 (16.7) | 5 (3.3) |
| Dry cough | 11 (6.5) | 54 (8.2) | 133 (24.0) | 48 (21.5) | 50 (34.2) | 5 (10.4) | 4 (2.6) |
| Productive cough | 2 (1.2) | 7 (1.1) | 60 (10.8) | 36 (16.1) | 31 (21.2) | 3 (6.3) | 1 (0.7) |
| Haemoptysis | 3 (1.8) a | 2 (0.3)a | 148 (26.7) | 52 (23.3) | 12 (8.2) | 2 (4.2) | 0 |
| Pleuritic chest pain | 3 (1.8) | 6 (0.9) | 43 (7.7) | 13 (5.8) | 7 (4.8) | 2 (4.2) | 0 |
| Chest wall tenderness | 1 (0.6) | 1 (0.2) | 10 (1.8) | 1 (0.4) | 3 (2.1) | 0 | 0 |
| Crackles on auscultation | 2 (1.2) | 10 (1.5)b | 89 (16.0) | 69 (30.9) | 21 (14.4) | 3 (6.3) | 1 (0.7) |
| Wheezing on auscultation | 2 (1.2) | 7 (1.1) | 24 (4.3) | 13 (5.8) | 79 (54.1) | 0 | 2 (1.3) |
| Oxygen administered | 2 (1.2) | 1 (0.2) | 44 (7.9) | 32 (14.3) | 14 (9.6) | 3 (6.3) | 1 (0.7) |
| Mechanical ventilation | 0 | 0 | 15 (2.7) | 6 (2.7) | 5 (3.4) | 0 | 0 |
| Imaging findings, patients (%) | |||||||
| Pulmonary imaging available | 73 (42.9) | 380 (57.8) | 476 (85.8) | 197 (88.3) | 127 (87.0) | 28 (58.3) | 82 (53.6) |
| Normal imaging | 64 (87.7) | 309 (81.3) | 197 (41.4) | 54 (27.4) | 38 (30.0) | 18 (64.3) | 73 (89.0) |
| Inflammation | 2 (2.8) | 12 (5.0) | 65 (13.7) | 46 (23.4) | 39 (30.7) | 0 | 1 (1.2) |
| Haemorrhage | 0 | 0 | 30 (6.3) | 19 (9.6) | 1 (0.8) | 1 (3.6) | 0 |
| Nodules | 2 (2.8) | 13 (3.4) | 119 (25.0)c | 23 (11.7) | 17 (13.4) | 0 | 1 (1.2) |
| Mass | 0 | 1 | 47 (9.9) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Abscess | 0 | 0 | 8 (1.7) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 (1.2) |
| Consolidation | 1 (1.4) | 1 | 76 (16.0) | 40 (20.3) | 33 (26.0) | 5 (17.9) | 3 (3.7) |
| Fibrosis | 0 | 6 (1.6) | 9 (1.9) | 49 (24.9) | 8 (6.3) | 0 | 1 (1.2) |
| Effusion | 0 | 9 (2.3) | 37 (7.8) | 27 (13.7) | 13 (10.2) | 3 (10.7) | 1 (1.2) |
In the 3 patients with TAK and 2 patients with GCA with haemoptysis, a previous history of COPD, smoking, congestive heart failure or productive cough was documented. bTen patients with GCA had crackles on lung auscultation, with 7 of them being current or previous smokers, 2 having chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and 3 having a positive test for pANCA. Out of these 10 patients, 7 had normal lung imaging, while 3 patients had fibrosis or atelectasis. cClinical haemoptysis was reported by 36% of patients with GPA and pulmonary nodules. TAK: Takayasu’s arteritis; GPA: granulomatosis with polyangiitis; MPA: microscopic polyangiitis; EGPA: eosinophilic GPA; PAN: polyarteritis nodosa; IgAV: IgA vasculitis.