Table 1.

Inducers of the UPR^mt

Inducers	Functional role	Impact	References
Abnormal respiratory chain	Dysregulation of OXPHOS	ROS accumulation, decrease in the mitochondrial membrane potential	[17]
C8-SA	Activation of DAF-16	Antioxidant stress	[16]
FUS proteinopathies	Interference of ATP synthase complex formation	Inhibition of mitochondrial ATP synthesis	[26]
Heat shock	Activation of HSF1, upregulation of mitochondrial chaperones	Maintenance of mitochondrial proteostasis	[64, 65]
Inflammation	Involvement of TNF-α	ROS accumulation, overload of damaged proteins	[24]
Microgravity stress	Not mentioned	ROS accumulation, decrease in locomotion behavior	[14]
Mitochondrial-related genes knockout	Disorder of mitochondrial function	Imbalance of mitochondrial homeostasis	[17–21]
Nanopolystyrene	Activation of ELT-2 signaling, Wnt signaling, and insulin signaling	ROS accumulation, decrease in locomotion behavior	[13]
Nicotinamide riboside	Activation of SIRT3	Antioxidant stress	[22, 23, 58]
PolyQ	Direct interaction with the outer membrane of the mitochondria	ROS accumulation, decrease in the mitochondrial membrane potential	[11, 12]
Statins	Inhibition of HMG-CoA reductase in the mevalonate pathway	Interference of mitochondrial electron carriers	[15]
TDP-43 proteinopathies	Inhibition of ATP synthesis	abnormal cristae and a loss of cristae, ROS accumulation	[27]