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. 2022 Feb 19;41:68. doi: 10.1186/s13046-022-02272-x

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 6 — A A well-defined protein-drug conjugate of anti-MMR nanobody with TLR 7/8 agonist IMDQ. The anti-MMR Nb-IMDQ conjugate allows triggering of TLR7/8 specifically of MMR high macrophages, with aim to repolarize these cells into a pro-inflammatory anti-tumoral state, resulting in reduced tumor growth. B-G Anti (α)-MMR Nb-IMDQ therapy delays tumor progression and reprograms TAMs to more M1 phenotype. B LLC-OVA-bearing C57BL/6 mice were injected on day 5, 8, and 11 after cancer cell inoculation with appropriate treatment and mice were sacrificed on day 13. C LLC-OVA bearing mice received α-MMR Nb-IMDQ or HBSS, co-injected with fivefold molar excess of bivalent α-MMR Nb (Biv.MMR) and tumor volumes were measured on day 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, and 13 after cancer cell inoculation. D LLC-OVA bearing mice received α-MMR Nb-IMDQ or BCII10 Nb-IMDQ, co-injected with fivefold molar excess of Biv.MMR, tumor volumes were measured on day 6, 8, 11, 12, and 13 after cancer cell inoculation. p-values are calculated using a two-way ANOVA and significant differences are marked by *: p ≤ 0.05. E The percentage of MHC-II high and MHC-II low TAMs within hematopoietic (CD45+) cells of LLC-OVA tumors is shown as mean ± SEM of n = 4. MHC-II low TAMs were sorted from pools of tumor cell suspensions of each individual experimental group and qRT-PCR analysis was performed for technical triplicates to quantify expression of several M1 and M2-associated genes normalized to ribosomal protein S12 expression. F Percentage of CD4+ T cells, B cells, NK cells, NKT cells, and CD8+ T cells within the hematopoietic (CD45+) cells is shown as mean ± SEM of n = 4, p ≤ 0.05. G Percentage of effector (CD44 + CD62L−) cells within CD4+ T cells and Gzmb+ cells within CD8+ T cells is shown as mean ± SEM. p ≤ 0.05; **: p ≤ 0.01 [147]