Table 3.
Multivariate associations of WASH access indicators across social stratifiers in 21 refugee camps in 2019
| Social stratifier | WASH indicator | OR | CI95% | aOR | CI95% | p-value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Having at least one woman of reproductive age | Improved water source | 2.06 | 1.61 | 2.63 | 1.94 | 1.42 | 2.66 | 0.00 |
| ≥15 L/p/d of improved/protected water | 0.63 | 0.53 | 0.74 | 0.95 | 0.79 | 1.14 | 0.59 | |
| ≥20 L/p/d of improved/protected water | 0.53 | 0.45 | 0.62 | 0.93 | 0.77 | 1.11 | 0.42 | |
| Open defecation | 0.57 | 0.39 | 0.84 | 0.38 | 0.24 | 0.60 | 0.00 | |
| Unimproved sanitation | 0.90 | 0.73 | 1.10 | 0.90 | 0.71 | 1.13 | 0.37 | |
| Limited saniatation | 1.35 | 1.14 | 1.59 | 1.84 | 1.53 | 2.22 | 0.00 | |
| Basic sanitation | 0.87 | 0.75 | 1.02 | 0.67 | 0.56 | 0.80 | 0.00 | |
| Sanitation privacy | 1.12 | 0.93 | 1.36 | 1.07 | 0.87 | 1.32 | 0.50 | |
| Soap presented within 1 min | 1.67 | 1.40 | 1.98 | 1.75 | 1.44 | 2.13 | 0.00 | |
| Basic hand hygiene facility | 1.95 | 1.57 | 2.43 | 1.98 | 1.56 | 2.51 | 0.00 | |
| Toilet paper/water in sanitation facility | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | |
| Bathing facility | 1.98 | 1.69 | 2.31 | 2.50 | 2.09 | 2.99 | 0.00 | |
| Menstrual health materials/last period | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | |
| Solid waste disposal facility | 1.01 | 0.86 | 1.18 | 1.00 | 0.84 | 1.20 | 0.98 | |
| Having 4 to 6 members | Improved water source | 1.74 | 1.37 | 2.20 | 1.66 | 1.23 | 2.25 | 0.00 |
| ≥15 L/p/d of improved/protected water | 0.48 | 0.41 | 0.55 | 0.49 | 0.41 | 0.57 | 0.00 | |
| ≥20 L/p/d of improved/protected water | 0.36 | 0.31 | 0.41 | 0.37 | 0.31 | 0.43 | 0.00 | |
| Open defecation | 1.00 | 0.67 | 1.50 | 1.51 | 0.92 | 2.47 | 0.11 | |
| Unimproved sanitation | 0.95 | 0.78 | 1.15 | 0.98 | 0.79 | 1.21 | 0.85 | |
| Limited saniatation | 0.90 | 0.78 | 1.03 | 0.77 | 0.66 | 0.90 | 0.00 | |
| Basic sanitation | 1.15 | 1.00 | 1.33 | 1.26 | 1.07 | 1.48 | 0.01 | |
| Sanitation privacy | 1.08 | 0.91 | 1.28 | 1.05 | 0.88 | 1.25 | 0.62 | |
| Soap presented within 1 min | 1.19 | 1.01 | 1.41 | 1.02 | 0.85 | 1.23 | 0.81 | |
| Basic hand hygiene facility | 1.40 | 1.18 | 1.67 | 1.18 | 0.98 | 1.41 | 0.08 | |
| Toilet paper/water in sanitation facility | 1.19 | 0.97 | 1.46 | 1.20 | 0.97 | 1.47 | 0.09 | |
| Bathing facility | 1.12 | 0.97 | 1.29 | 0.88 | 0.75 | 1.03 | 0.11 | |
| Menstrual health materials/last period | 1.08 | 0.90 | 1.29 | 1.05 | 0.87 | 1.26 | 0.63 | |
| Solid waste disposal facility | 1.17 | 1.01 | 1.34 | 1.20 | 1.03 | 1.41 | 0.02 | |
| Having 7 or more members | Improved water source | 1.95 | 1.50 | 2.52 | 1.73 | 1.25 | 2.40 | 0.00 |
| ≥15 L/p/d of improved/protected water | 0.33 | 0.28 | 0.39 | 0.33 | 0.28 | 0.39 | 0.00 | |
| ≥20 L/p/d of improved/protected water | 0.22 | 0.19 | 0.25 | 0.22 | 0.19 | 0.26 | 0.00 | |
| Open defecation | 0.86 | 0.56 | 1.33 | 1.36 | 0.81 | 2.30 | 0.25 | |
| Unimproved sanitation | 1.05 | 0.86 | 1.27 | 1.06 | 0.85 | 1.31 | 0.63 | |
| Limited saniatation | 0.47 | 0.40 | 0.55 | 0.38 | 0.33 | 0.45 | 0.00 | |
| Basic sanitation | 2.01 | 1.73 | 2.33 | 2.36 | 2.00 | 2.78 | 0.00 | |
| Sanitation privacy | 0.95 | 0.80 | 1.13 | 0.93 | 0.78 | 1.12 | 0.46 | |
| Soap presented within 1 min | 1.14 | 0.96 | 1.35 | 0.96 | 0.79 | 1.16 | 0.66 | |
| Basic hand hygiene facility | 1.22 | 1.02 | 1.46 | 1.01 | 0.83 | 1.22 | 0.92 | |
| Toilet paper/water in sanitation facility | 1.27 | 1.02 | 1.57 | 1.29 | 1.04 | 1.60 | 0.02 | |
| Bathing facility | 1.03 | 0.89 | 1.20 | 0.77 | 0.65 | 0.91 | 0.00 | |
| Menstrual health materials/last period | 1.05 | 0.87 | 1.27 | 1.06 | 0.87 | 1.28 | 0.58 | |
| Solid waste disposal facility | 1.30 | 1.12 | 1.51 | 1.32 | 1.12 | 1.56 | 0.00 | |
| Having disability or elderly members | Improved water source | 1.47 | 1.08 | 2.01 | 1.62 | 1.18 | 2.22 | 0.00 |
| ≥15 L/p/d of improved/protected water | 1.27 | 1.12 | 1.45 | 1.31 | 1.15 | 1.49 | 0.00 | |
| ≥20 L/p/d of improved/protected water | 1.20 | 1.05 | 1.36 | 1.24 | 1.08 | 1.42 | 0.00 | |
| Open defecation | 0.64 | 0.41 | 1.02 | 0.60 | 0.37 | 0.95 | 0.03 | |
| Unimproved sanitation | 1.76 | 1.50 | 2.07 | 1.74 | 1.47 | 2.04 | 0.00 | |
| Limited saniatation | 0.82 | 0.72 | 0.93 | 0.89 | 0.78 | 1.02 | 0.11 | |
| Basic sanitation | 0.90 | 0.79 | 1.02 | 0.83 | 0.73 | 0.95 | 0.01 | |
| Sanitation privacy | 0.73 | 0.64 | 0.84 | 0.74 | 0.64 | 0.86 | 0.00 | |
| Soap presented within 1 min | 0.95 | 0.82 | 1.11 | 1.01 | 0.86 | 1.18 | 0.94 | |
| Basic hand hygiene facility | 1.08 | 0.93 | 1.26 | 1.15 | 0.99 | 1.34 | 0.07 | |
| Toilet paper/water in sanitation facility | 0.95 | 0.79 | 1.14 | 0.92 | 0.76 | 1.11 | 0.37 | |
| Bathing facility | 1.30 | 1.14 | 1.49 | 1.44 | 1.25 | 1.65 | 0.00 | |
| Menstrual health materials/last period | 1.02 | 0.87 | 1.18 | 1.01 | 0.86 | 1.18 | 0.91 | |
| Solid waste disposal facility | 1.14 | 1.00 | 1.31 | 1.14 | 0.99 | 1.30 | 0.07 | |
Source: Table created from the Standardized Water, Sanitation and Hygiene, Knowledge, Attitude and Practice Surveys, UNHCR, 2019
aReference groups: Households without women of reproductive age, households with 1 to 3 members, and households without members with disability or who are elderly