Table 1.

Characteristics of included RCTs

Author, Year	Participants	Age (years)	Sample Size	Intervention	Comparator	Follow-up
Christiansen et al. 2015 [23]	Primary unilateral TKA for knee osteoarthritis	Mean (SD): 67.4 (8.2)	26	Standard of care rehabilitation plus weight-bearing biofeedback training	Standard of care rehabilitation alone	6 weeks and 26 weeks postoperatively
Fung et al. 2012 [24]	Outpatients following TKA	Mean: 68	50	15 min of Wii Fit gaming activity that require the participant to engage in postural control and balance	15 min of lower extremity exercise	Until discharged from physiotherapy
Gianola et al. 2020 [14]	Primary unilateral TKA for knee osteoarthritis	Mean (SD): 68.6 (8.8)	85	Virtual reality rehabilitation	Traditional rehabilitation	10 days postoperatively
Hadamus et al. 2021 [29]	Patients within 7–14 days after total knee replacement surgery	Mean (SD): Intervention: 69 (4.76); Comparator: 68 (7.73)	42	12 sessions (30 min per session) of virtual reality games plus Standard postoperative rehabilitation	Standard postoperative rehabilitation	5–6 weeks postoperatively. 4 weeks after initiation of rehabilitation
Jin et al. 2018 [25]	Primary unilateral TKA for knee osteoarthritis	Mean (SD): Intervention: 66.45 (3.49); Comparator: 66.3 (4.41)	66	Virtual reality exercise (row a boat using knee flexion (interaction of VR) in an immersive virtual environment	Flex knees passively using arms until pain tolerance was reached (held that position for 20 s followed by relaxing for 40 s.)	1, 3 and 6 months postoperatively
Piqueras et al. 2013 [26]	Primary TKA	Mean (SD): 73.3 (6.5)	181	1-h interactive virtual telerehabilitation sessions	1-h conventional outpatient physical therapy sessions	2 weeks and 3 months postoperatively
Prvu Bettger et al. 2020 [15]	Primary TKA for the treatment of nontraumatic conditions	Mean (SD): Intervention: 65.4 (7.7); Comparator: 65.1 (9.2)	306	Virtual physical therapy (involving an avatar coach, in-home 3-dimensional biometrics, and telerehabilitation with remote clinician oversight by a physical therapist)	Traditional physical therapy at home or outpatient clinic	6 and 12 weeks postoperatively
Roig-Casasús et al. 2018[27]	TKA for the treatment of advanced knee osteoarthritis	Mean (SD): 73.4 (4.4)	43	Rehabilitation training plus exercise with a dynamometric platform focusing on stability challenges, weight-shifting, and moving to the limits of stability	Rehabilitation training	6 weeks after initiation of rehabilitation
Yoon et al. 2020 [28]	Participants who had undergone TKA for knee osteoarthritis	Mean (SD): Intervention: 72.26 (3.65); Comparator: 71.86 (4.89)	36	Full immersion VR training program plus a continuous passive motion machine and exercise therapy	A continuous passive motion machine and exercise therapy	2 and 4 weeks postoperatively

SD standard deviation, TKA total knee arthroplasty, VR virtual reality