Figure 1.

High-AGE diets induce insulin resistance and increase intestinal permeability in mice. (A) Changes in body weight among the control and dietary and exogenous AGE groups during the 24-week feeding period. (B) Changes in serum fasting blood glucose levels among the three groups at baseline and weeks 12 and 24. (C) Fasting insulin levels among the three groups at week 24. (D) Homeostatic model assessment insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) among the three groups at week 24. (E) Glucose tolerance was assessed by the intraperitoneal glucose-tolerance test (IPGTT) in the three groups at week 24. (F) Glucose area under the curve (AUC) during IPGTT. (G) Serum AGE levels among the three groups at week 24. (H) Serum lipopolysaccharide-binding protein (LBP) levels among the three groups at week 24. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, and ***p < 0.001 for intergroup comparisons; ^#p < 0.05 and ^##p < 0.01 for comparison with the control group at the same time point.

Abbreviations: AGE, advanced glycation end product; Diet-AGE, dietary AGE group; Exo-AGE, exogenous AGE group.