Figure 1.

Results of the direct effects demonstrated by path analysis between the factors (“childhood abuse”, “childhood victimization”, “neuroticism” and “depressive symptoms in adulthood”) in 576 adult volunteers from the community. The severity of depressive symptoms evaluated by PHQ-9 was the dependent variable. The arrows with solid lines represent statistically significant paths, and the arrow with a broken line shows the nonsignificant path. The numbers beside the arrows show the standardized path coefficients. R² = 0.354, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001.