Table 2.
Associations Between Selected Participant Characteristics and Hepatocellular Carcinoma Risk (N=377,065); the NIH-AARP Diet and Health Study (1995–1996, with Follow-Up to 2011)
| Patient Characteristics | HCC (N=647)a | Control (N=376,418)a | Univariate Models | Multivariable Modelb | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR (95% CI) | p-value | OR (95% CI) | p-value | |||
| Age at baseline, yearsc | 647 | 376,418 | 1.05 (1.04–1.07) | <0.0001 | 1.06 (1.03–1.08) | <0.0001 |
| Sexc | ||||||
| Female | 117 | 161,090 | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | ||
| Male | 530 | 215,328 | 3.39 (2.77–4.14) | <0.0001 | 3.50 (2.43–5.04) | <0.0001 |
| BMI, kg/m2,c | 629 | 367,251 | 1.03 (1.02–1.04) | <0.0001 | 1.03 (1.01–1.05) | <0.0001 |
| Height (meters) | 638 | 372,312 | 18.62 (9.18–37.74) | <0.0001 | 0.94 (0.22–4.01) | 0.9285 |
| Diabetes | ||||||
| No | 475 | 341,965 | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | ||
| Yes | 172 | 34,453 | 3.60 (3.02–4.28) | <0.0001 | 2.58 (1.99–3.34) | <0.0001 |
| Self-reported general health conditionc | ||||||
| Excellent/very good | 217 | 197,770 | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | ||
| Good | 418 | 173,026 | 2.06 (1.72–2.45) | <0.0001 | 1.43 (1.12–1.82) | 0.0038 |
| Fair/poor | 2.60 (2.09–3.23) | <0.0001 | 1.42 (1.03–1.97) | 0.0310 | ||
| Moderate to vigorousc physical activity | ||||||
| ≥ 3 times/week | 138 | 114,836 | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | ||
| < 3 times/week | 223 | 116,091 | 1.60 (1.29–1.98) | <0.0001 | 1.28 (1.02–1.60) | 0.0324 |
| Alcohol, g/dc | 647 | 376,418 | 1.01 (1.01 1.06) | <0.0001 | 1.03 (1.01 1.05) | 0.0087 |
| Cholesterol, mg/d | 647 | 376,418 | 1.02 (1.01 1.05) | <0.0001 | 1.00 (1.00–1.01) | 0.5684 |
| Saturated fat, g/d | 647 | 376,418 | 1.02 (1.02–1.03) | <0.0001 | 1.01 (0.99–1.03) | 0.1792 |
| Trans-fatty acids, g/d | 647 | 376,418 | 1.06 (1.04–1.09) | <0.0001 | 0.97 (0.91–1.03) | 0.2846 |
| Ounce equivalents of lean meat from eggs per dayc | 647 | 376,418 | 2.07 (1.73–2.47) | <0.0001 | 1.68 (1.07–2.64) | 0.0253 |
| Vitamin B6, mg/d | 647 | 376,418 | 1.19 (1.11–1.29) | <0.0001 | 1.01 (0.87–1.18) | 0.8528 |
| Healthy Eating Index scorec | 647 | 376,418 | 0.98 (0.97–0.99) | <0.0001 | 0.97 (0.95–0.98) | 0.0379 |
Notes: aSome categories do not sum to total samples size due to missing information. bThe multivariable model included all variables listed in the table cThese variables are significantly associated with HCC in the multivariable model and were used to build a separate risk prediction model.
Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; CI, confidence interval; HCC, hepatocellular carcinoma; OR, odds ratio.