Table 1.
Third health check characteristics and incident outcomes of included participants from the European Prospective Investigation in Cancer (EPIC)-Norfolk (unless otherwise stated), stratified by sex
| Men | Women | P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2897 | 3819 | ||
| Age, mean (SD) | |||
| 1st health check (1993–1998) | 57.13 (8.02) | 55.54 (7.81) | <0.001 |
| 2nd health check (1998–2000) | 60.75 (8.07) | 59.15 (7.87) | <0.001 |
| 3rd health check (2004–2012) | 70.07 (8.25) | 68.47 (8.05) | <0.001 |
| Ethnicity, N (%) | 0.359 | ||
| White | 2883 (99.52) | 3810 (99.764) | |
| Black | 2 (0.07) | 2 (0.05) | |
| South Asian | 3 (0.10) | 2 (0.05) | |
| Other | 9 (0.31) | 5 (0.13) | |
| Weight (kg), mean (SD) | 81.19 (12.04) | 68.08 (12.44) | <0.001 |
| Height (cm), mean (SD) | 173.50 (6.58) | 160.54 (6.18) | <0.001 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2), mean (SD) | 26.95 (3.58) | 26.41 (4.56) | <0.001 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg), mean (SD) | |||
| 1st health check | 134.70 (16.28) | 129.42 (16.98) | <0.001 |
| 2nd health check | 134.66 (16.57) | 129.66 (17.35) | <0.001 |
| 3rd health check | 136.62 (15.39) | 135.94 (17.15) | 0.096 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg), mean (SD) | |||
| 1st health check | 83.44 (10.57) | 79.12 (10.38) | <0.001 |
| 2nd health check | 83.35 (10.70) | 78.92 (10.55) | <0.001 |
| 3rd health check | 79.40 (9.59) | 77.16 (8.98) | <0.001 |
| Estimated glomerular filtration ratea (mL/min/1.73 m2), mean (SD) | 73.17 (17.40) | 72.44 (20.93) | 0.206 |
| Creatinine (mmol/L), mean (SD) | 93.24 (20.86) | 73.29 (16.56) | <0.001 |
| Missing, N (%) | 872 (30.10) | 1184 (31.00) | 0.427 |
| HbA1c (%), mean (SD) | 5.84 (0.67) | 5.80 (0.56) | 0.010 |
| Missing, N (%) | 206 (7.11) | 331 (8.67) | 0.020 |
| LDL cholesterol (mmol/L), mean (SD) | 2.91 (0.97) | 3.36 (0.97) | <0.001 |
| Missing, N (%) | 217 (7.49) | 335 (8.77) | 0.058 |
| Units of alcohol drunk, median (IQR) | 6.00 (1.00–12.00) | 2.00 (0.00–6.00) | <0.001 |
| Missing, N (%) | 97 (3.35) | 153 (4.01) | 0.158 |
| Educational Level, N (%) | <0.001 | ||
| None | 635 (21.92) | 1115 (29.20) | |
| O-level | 279 (9.63) | 522 (13.67) | |
| A-level | 1384 (47.77) | 1581 (41.40) | |
| University degree | 599 (20.68) | 601 (15.734) | |
| Physical activity level, N (%) | <0.001 | ||
| Inactive | 1086 (37.49) | 1381 (36.16) | |
| Moderately inactive | 731 (25.23) | 1232 (32.26) | |
| Moderately active | 519 (17.92) | 644 (16.87) | |
| Active | 520 (17.95) | 511 (13.38) | |
| Missing | 41 (1.42) | 51 (1.34) | |
| Smoking status, N (%) | 0.024 | ||
| Yes | 90 (3.11) | 159 (4.16) | |
| No | 2762 (95.34) | 3604 (94.37) | |
| Missing | 45 (1.55) | 56 (1.47) | |
| Pre-existing co-morbidities | |||
| Cardiovascular disease, N (%) | 881 (30.41) | 817 (21.39) | <0.001 |
| Diabetes mellitus, N (%) | 315 (10.87) | 265 (6.94) | <0.001 |
| Cancer, N (%) | 178 (6.14) | 369 (9.66) | <0.001 |
| Asthma, N (%) | 247 (8.53) | 390 (10.21) | 0.020 |
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, N (%) | 215 (7.42) | 363 (9.51) | 0.003 |
| Drug therapy | |||
| Aspirin, N (%) | 758 (26.16) | 500 (13.09) | <0.001 |
| Lipid-lowering agents, N (%) | 814 (28.1) | 730 (19.11) | <0.001 |
| Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, N (%) | 908 (31.34) | 794 (20.79) | <0.001 |
| Anti-diabetic drugs, N (%) | 168 (5.80) | 103 (2.70) | <0.001 |
| Antihypertensive agents, N (%) | 1218 (42.04) | 1375 (36.00) | <0.001 |
| ACE inhibitors, N (%) | 616 (21.26) | 486 (12.73) | <0.001 |
| Beta-blockers, N (%) | 433 (14.95) | 415 (10.87) | <0.001 |
| Loop diuretics, N (%) | 119 (4.11) | 170 (4.45) | 0.492 |
| Other diuretics, N (%) | 326 (11.25) | 563 (14.74) | <0.001 |
| Angiotensin receptor blockers, N (%) | 174 (6.01) | 264 (6.91) | 0.136 |
| Calcium channel blockers, N (%) | 407 (14.05) | 428 (11.21) | <0.001 |
| Incident outcomesb | |||
| Mortality, N (%) | |||
| All-cause | 595 (20.54) | 453 (11.86) | <0.001 |
| Cardiovascular | 160 (5.52) | 133 (3.48) | <0.001 |
| Non-cardiovascular | 435 (15.02) | 320 (8.38) | <0.001 |
| Incident cardiovascular disease,cN (%) | 653 (29.59) | 656 (19.79) | <0.001 |
Statistically significant results (P < 0.05) are highlighted in bold.
ACE, angiotensin-converting enzyme; HbA1c, glycated haemoglobin; IQR, interquartile range; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; SD, standard deviation.
Estimated glomerular filtration rate was calculated using the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease formula.25
Incident outcomes measured during the follow-up period from the third health check (2004–2012) until the end of March 2018, resulting in a median follow-up of 9.44 years.
Incident cardiovascular disorders reported only amongst patients without pre-existing cardiovascular disease at the third health check (N = 2207 men; 3315 women).