Table 1.
Overview of the selected studies
| Author/s (year) | Journal | Type of disaster | Date of disaster | Months after disaster | Country (continent) |
N (% F) |
Age (range or mean age in years) | Type of coping strategy | Instruments for coping strategies | Maladjustment/adjustment measures | Category of maladjustment/adjustment | Instruments for maladjustment/adjustment | Study number for forest plots (Fig. 3, M = maladjustment; Fig. 5, A = adjustment) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| An et al. (2013) | Journal of Loss and Trauma: International Perspectives on Stress & Coping | Earthquake | May 12, 2008 | 24 |
China (Asia) |
636 (62%) |
13–16 | Escape | Coping Style Scale (Xiao & Xu, 1996) | Maladjustment | PTSD | Child PTSD Symptom Scale (Foa et al., 2001) | M1 |
| Andrades et al. (2018) | Journal of Happiness Studies | Earthquake | February 27, 2010 | 12 |
Chile (America) |
172 (53%) |
10–15 | Submission | Rumination Scale for Children (Cryder et al., 2006) | Maladjustment, Adjustment | PTSD, General | The Posttraumatic Growth Inventory for Children-Revised (PTGI-C-R; Kilmer et al., 2009) | M61 |
| Bokszczanin (2012) | Anxiety, Stress & Coping | Flood | July, 1997 | 21 |
Poland (Europe) |
262 (37%) |
13–21 | Social support | Proactive Coping Inventory (PCI; Greenglass et al., 1999) | Adjustment | Social | Inventory of Postdisaster Social Support (Norris et al., 2001); Perceived social support (Czapinski, 1998) | A30, A31, A32 |
| Cadamuro et al. (2015) | Child & Youth Care Forum | Earthquake | May, 2012 | 6 |
Italy (Europe) |
517 (51%) |
7–12 | Escape | Kidcope (Spirito et al., 1988) | Adjustment | Cognitive |
Second-Order False Belief Tasks: Birthday Puppy (Sullivan et al., 1994), Double Bluff (Happé, 1994); Comprehensive Test of Nonverbal Intelligence (Hammill et al., 1996); Raven’s Standard Progressive Matrices (Raven, 1981) |
A1, A2, A24 |
| Cryder et al. (2006) | American Journal of Orthopsychiatry | Hurricane | September 7, 1999 | 12 |
USA (America) |
46 (61%) |
6–15 | Problem solving | The Children’s Competency Beliefs Scale, adaptation of the Child’s Coping Efficacy Scale (Weyer & Sandler, 1998) | Adjustment | General | The Posttraumatic Growth Inventory for Children (PTGI-C), adaptation of the Posttraumatic Growth Inventory (Tedeschi & Calhoun, 1996) | A3, A18 |
| Felton et al. (2013) | Journal of Abnormal Psychology | Flood | May 3, 2010 | 6 |
USA (America) |
227 (56%) |
10–15 | Accommodation, Submission | Response Style Questionnaire (RSQ; Nolen-Hoeksema & Morrow, 1991) | Maladjustment | Depression | Children’s Depression Inventory (CDI; Kovacs, 1992) | M2, M3 |
| Kilmer and Gil‐Rivas (2010) | Child Development | Hurricane | August 23, 2005 | 12 |
USA (America) |
66 (56%) |
7–10 | Problem solving, Social support, Submission |
Children’s Competency Beliefs Scale (CCBS; Weyer & Sandler, 1998); Caregiver warmth and acceptance (Greenberger & Chen, 1996); Rumination Scale for Children (RS-C), adaptation of the Adult Rumination Scale (Calhoun et al., 2000) |
Maladjustment, Adjustment | PTSD, Motivational, General |
Child Post-Traumatic Stress Symptoms (UCLA-PTSD RI-1; Steinberg et al., 2004); Self-Perception Profile for Children (Harter, 1982); The Posttraumatic Growth Inventory for Children-Revised (PTGI-C-R; Kilmer et al., 2009) |
M4, M5, M6 A4, A7, A8, A9, A13, A19, A20, A21 |
| La Greca et al. (1996) | Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology | Hurricane | August 16, 1992 | 3 |
USA (America) |
442 (58%) |
9–11 | Escape, Social isolation, Opposition | Kidcope (Spirito et al., 1988) | Maladjustment | PTSD | Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Reaction Index for Children (RI; Frederick et al., 1992; Lonigan et al., 1991) | M7, M8, M9 |
| Papadatou et al. (2012) | Journal of Traumatic Stress | Wildfire | August, 2007 | 6 |
Greece (Europe) |
1468 (49%) |
12–17 | Problem solving, Escape | Kidcope-Adolescent Version (Spirito et al., 1988) | Maladjustment | PTSD, Depression |
Children’s Revised Impact of Event Scale (CRIES-13; Smith et al., 2003); Depression Self-Rating Scale (DSRS; Birleson, 1981) |
M10, M11, M12 |
| Pina et al. (2008) | Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology | Hurricane | August 23, 2005 | 6 |
USA (America) |
46 (39%) |
11 | Escape | Children’s Coping Strategies Checklist’s (CCSC; Program for Prevention Research, 1999) | Maladjustment, Adjustment | PTSD, Depression, Anxiety and fear, Social |
PTSD Checklist (Amaya-Jackson et al., 1995); Revised Child Anxiety and Depression Scale (RCADS; Chorpita et al., 2000); Family Support Scale (FSS; Dunst et al., 1984) |
M13, M14, M15 A22, A23, A25 |
| Qin et al. (2016) | Journal of Traumatic Stress | Earthquake | May 12, 2008 | 30 |
China (Asia) |
1573 (54%) |
15 | Social support | Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ; Goodman, 1997) | Maladjustment |
PTSD, Depression, Anxiety and fear |
PTSD Self-Rating Scale (PTSD-SS; Liu et al., 1998); Depression Self-Rating Scale for Children (DSRSC; Birleson, 1981); Child Anxiety Related Emotional Disorders (SCARED; Birmaher et al., 1997) |
M16, M17, M18 |
| Raccanello et al. (2017) | PLoS One | Earthquake | May 20–29, 2012 | 24 |
Italy (Europe) |
65 (52%) |
7–11 | Self-reliance | Emotion Regulation Checklist (ERC; Molina et al., 2014) | Adjustment | Emotional | Test of Emotion Comprehension (TEC; Albanese & Molina, 2008) | A36 |
| Russoniello et al. (2002) | Behavioral Medicine | Hurricane | September 7, 1999 | 6 |
USA (America) |
218 (57%) |
9–12 |
Problem solving, Self-reliance, Social support, Accommodation, Helplessness, Escape, Delegation, Social isolation, Opposition |
Kidcope (Spirito et al., 1988) | Maladjustment | PTSD | Post-Traumatic Stress Reaction Index—Child (CPTS-RI; Frederick et al., 1992) | M19, M20, M21, M22, M23, M24, M25, M26, M27, M28 |
| Stratta et al. (2013) | Personality and Individual Differences | Earthquake | April 6, 2009 | 10 |
Italy (Europe) |
343 (40%) |
17–18 |
Problem solving, Self-reliance |
Brief Cope (Carver, 1997) | Adjustment | General | Resilience Scale for Adolescents (READ; Hjemdal et al., 2006) | A5, A6 |
| Terranova et al. (2009) | Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology | Hurricane | August 23, 2005 | 6 |
USA (America) |
152 (54%) |
10–12 | Problem solving, Escape |
Self-Report Coping Measure (SRCM; Causey & Dubow, 1992); How I Coped Under Pressure Scale (HICUPS; Program for Prevention Research, 1999) |
Maladjustment | PTSD, Anxiety and fear |
The Child Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Checklist (PTSD Checklist; Amaya-Jackson et al., 1995); Early Adolescent Temperament Questionnaire short form (EATQ; Capaldi & Rothbart, 1992; Ellis & Rothbart, 2001) |
M29, M30, M31, M32 |
| Vigil and Geary (2008) | Journal of Family Psychology | Hurricane | October 29, 2005 | 2 |
USA (America) |
50 (73%) |
12–17 | Self-reliance, Social support, Accommodation | Family Crisis Oriented Personal Evaluation Scale (F-COPES; McCubbin et al., 1987) | Maladjustment | Depression, Anxiety and fear, Psycho-social distress |
Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D; Radloff, 1977); Revised Children’s Manifest Anxiety Scale (RCMAS; Reynolds & Richmond, 1978); Impact of Events Scale-Revised (IES-R; Weiss & Marmar, 1997) |
M33, M34, M35, M36, M37, M38, M39, M40, M41 |
| Vigna et al. (2010) | Journal of Black Psychology | Hurricane | August 23, 2005 | 7 |
USA (America) |
261 (51%) |
8–16 | Escape | Kidcope (Spirito et al., 1988) | Maladjustment | Depression, Anxiety and fear, Psycho-social distress | Behavioral Assessment System for Children, Second Edition (BASC-2; Reynolds & Kamphaus, 2004) | M42, M43, M44 |
| Wang and Gan (2011) | Anxiety, Stress, & Coping | Earthquake | May 12, 2008 | 3 |
China (Asia) |
219 (57%) |
15–19 | Problem solving, Accommodation, Escape | COPE Inventory (Carver et al., 1989) | Maladjustment | Depression | Self-Rating Depression Scale Child (CPTS-RI; Zung et al., 1965) | M45, M46, M47 |
| Wang et al. (2020) | European Journal of Psychotraumatology | Earthquake | April 20, 2013 | 54 |
China (Asia) |
234 (57%) |
11–18 | Submission | Event-Related Rumination Inventory (Cann et al., 2011) | Maladjustment, Adjustment | PTSD, General |
PTSD checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5; Weathers, 2013); Posttraumatic Growth Inventory (PTGI; Zhou et al., 2014) |
M62 A35 |
| Wu et al. (2014) | Nursing Research | Earthquake | May 12, 2008 | 3 |
China (Asia) |
1976 (54%) |
12–20 | Problem solving, Self-reliance, Accommodation, Escape | The Coping Styles Scale (Huang et al., 2000) | Adjustment | Motivational | Self-Concept Scale (TSCS; Fitts, 1965) | A10, A11, A12, A13, A16 |
| Yang et al. (2010) | Social Behaviour and Personality | Earthquake | May 12, 2008 | 18 |
China (Asia) |
167 (51%) |
18 | Problem solving, Self-reliance | Coping Style Scale for Middle School Students (CSS-MSS; Chen et al., 2000) | Maladjustment, Adjustment | Psycho-social distress, Social, Motivational, |
Symptom Checklist 90 (SCL-90; Derogatis, 1975); Social Support Rating Scale (SSRS; Xiao & Yang, 1987); Generalized Perceived Self-Efficacy Scale (GSES; Schwarzer & Jerusalem, 1995) |
M48 A15, A17, A26, A27, A28, A29 |
| Zhang et al. (2014) | PLoS One | Earthquake | May 12, 2008 | 17 |
China (Asia) |
1420 (57%) |
12–20 | Problem solving, Self-reliance, Accommodation, Escape | Coping Styles Scale (Huang et al., 2000) | Maladjustment | PTSD | PTSD Checklist-Civilian Chinese Version (PCL-C; Silva, 2017) | M49, M50, M51, M52 |
| Zheng et al. (2012) | PLoS One | Earthquake | May 12, 2008 | 6 |
China (Asia) |
2250 (54%) |
11–18 | Self-reliance, Escape | Simplified Coping Style Questionnaire (SCSQ; Xie, 1998) | Maladjustment | PTSD | Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Self-Rating Scale (PTSD-SS; Liu et al., 1998) | M53, M54 |
| Zhou et al. (2015) | Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy | Earthquake | May 12, 2008 | 54 |
China (Asia) |
354 (53%) |
14–20 | Submission | Event Related Rumination Inventory (ERRI; Cann et al., 2011) | Maladjustment | PTSD | Child PTSD Symptom Scale (CPSS; Foa et al., 2001) | M55, M56 |
| Zhou and Wu (2016) | Journal of Affective Disorders | Earthquake | April 20, 2013 | 18 |
China (Asia) |
310 (50%) |
12–19 | Submission | Event Related Rumination Inventory (ERRI; Cann et al., 2011) | Maladjustment | PTSD | Child PTSD Symptom Scale (CPSS; Foa et al., 2001) | M57, M58 |
| Zhou et al. (2019) | Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy | Earthquake | August 8, 2018 | 12 |
China (Asia) |
373 (60%) |
12–19 | Problem solving, Self-reliance | The Coping Style Scale for middle school students (Chen et al., 2000) | Maladjustment, Adjustment | PTSD, General |
PTSD Checklist for DSM-5 (Weathers, 2013); Posttraumatic Growth Inventory (PTGI; Zhou et al., 2014) |
M59, M60 A33, A34 |