Table 3.
Factors Associated with Late-Stage HCC at the Time of Diagnosis, Based on BCLC Staging
| Univariate analysis | Multivariate analysis | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variables | OR | 95%CI | P | OR | 95%CI | P |
| Age, every 1-year increase | 0.999 | 0.970-1.029 | 0.946 | 1.01 | 0.973-1.048 | 0.605 |
| Female sex | 0.65 | 0.320-1.322 | 0.234 | 0.611 | 0.267-1.399 | 0.244 |
| National Universal Coverage Scheme | 0.882 | 0.387-2.009 | 0.764 | |||
| Income more than 10,000 bath/month | 0.816 | 0.400-1.663 | 0.576 | |||
| Education of under Bachelor’s degree | 1.725 | 0.615-4.838 | 0.3 | |||
| Adherence to HCC surveillance | 0.151 | 0.072-0.316 | <0.001 | 0.215 | 0.079-0.583 | 0.003 |
| Cirrhosis | 0.277 | 0.035-2.192 | 0.224 | |||
| Alcohol-related liver disease | 1.143 | 0.517-2.526 | 0.741 | |||
| HBV infection | 1.198 | 0.599-2.396 | 0.609 | |||
| HCV infection | 0.836 | 0.391-1.787 | 0.644 | |||
| Recognition of at-risk patients for HCC | 0.230 | 0.106-0.498 | <0.001 | N/A | N/A | N/A |
| Recognition of HBV | 0.419 | 0.176-0.996 | 0.049 | 0.356 | 0.133-0.953 | 0.04 |
| Recognition of cirrhosis | 0.231 | 0.112-0.477 | <0.001 | 0.566 | 0.201-1.595 | 0.566 |
BCLC, Barcelona-Clinic Liver Cancer; OR, Odds ratio; CI, Confident interval; HBV, Hepatitis B virus; HCV, Hepatitis C virus; HCC, Hepatocellular carcinoma