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. 2021 Nov 19;240(2):381–394. doi: 10.1007/s00221-021-06265-8

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — Conceptual representation of autosuggestion in a hypothetical comparison to attention and heterosuggestion in the context of a painful experience. Upper panel: The person directs attention to a painful experience at the finger. Ratings of perceived pain (white bars) are higher than the actual pain intensity (dark bars). Middle panel: The person experiences pain, and receives heterosuggestion from another person. Ratings of perceived level of pain are a bit lower than actual pain intensity. Lower panel: The person actively intends to reduce the perception of pain via autosuggestion. Ratings of perceived level of pain are significantly lower than actual pain intensity. Fourth panel: potential example guidelines to practice autosuggestion in an experimental setting