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. 2022 Feb 19;15:64. doi: 10.1186/s13071-022-05190-1

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 7 — Molecular and serological tests for the detection of trypanosomes and trypanosomoses: a Ethidium bromide-stained electrophoresis gel of a monospecific PCR; the result can be considered to be positive when a visible PCR product exhibits the specific weight expected (here: lanes 2, 3, 6–10, 12, 14, 16); otherwise, when the product is non-specific (lane 17) or non-visible (lanes 1, 4, 5, 11, 13, 15), the PCR is negative. Lane 18 is the DNA ladder. b Ethidium bromide-stained electrophoresis gel of a multi-specific PCR based on the amplification of the internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS1); species-specific results are deduced from the weight of the visible PCR products obtained (here: lanes 1, 12 are the DNA ladder; lanes 2–4 are T. congolense; lanes 5–7 are Trypanozoon; lane 8 is T. theileri; lane 9 is T. simiae; lanes 10, 11 are T. vivax. c Trypanosoma vivax antibody detection ELISA plate; first 2 rows are blanks (A, B), positive controls (C, E, G) and negative controls (D, F, H); all samples are tested in duplicate and appear to be positive, doubtful or negative, according to their mean optical density. d Picture of the card of a CATT/T. evansi exhibiting parasite agglutinations in the positive control and samples 163 and 017; other samples are considered to be negative