Table 4.
Overall accuracy of gene signatures in distinct patient populations
| Parameter | Bacterial vs. non-bacterial | Viral vs. non-viral | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Accuracy (%) | p-value | N (subjects/studies) | Accuracy (%) | p-value | N (subjects/studies) | |
| All subjects | 79 (78–80) | - | 2887/31 | 84 (83–85) | - | 3584/37 |
| Pathogen | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| All Bacteriala | 81 (79–83) | - | 951/31 | - | - | - |
| Burkholderia pseudomallei | 90 (85–93) | 0.010 | 45/2 | - | - | - |
| Escherichia coli | 84 (79–89) | 0.972 | 64/7 | - | - | - |
| Staphylococcus aureus | 83 (79–87) | 0.972 | 118/8 | - | - | - |
| Staphylococcus, other | 91 (88–94) | < 0.001 | 58/4 | - | - | - |
| Streptococcus pneumoniae | 83 (76–89) | 0.972 | 39/6 | - | - | - |
| Streptococcus, other | 82 (75–88) | 0.972 | 43/8 | - | - | - |
| Intracellular bacteria | 83 (79–88) | 0.178 | 100/4 | - | - | - |
| Extracellular bacteria | 84 (81–86) | 0.173 | 415/17 | - | - | - |
| All Virala | - | - | - | 82 (80–83) | - | 1679/37 |
| Adenovirus | - | - | - | 74 (62–84) | 0.030 | 30/2 |
| Enterovirus | - | - | - | 84 (76–89) | 0.937 | 58/3 |
| Influenza | - | - | - | 89 (87–90) | < 0.001 | 431/19 |
| Rhinovirus | - | - | - | 74 (70–78) | < 0.001 | 209/9 |
| RSV | - | - | - | 81 (79–84) | 0.083 | 406/13 |
| Age | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Adulta | 82 (80–83) | - | 1183/18 | 88 (86–89) | - | 1268/14 |
| 12–18 years | 82 (78–85) | 0.299 | 132/6 | 88 (84–92) | 0.631 | 95/6 |
| 2–11 years | 70 (67–73) | < 0.001 | 373/7 | 79 (76–82) | < 0.001 | 352/10 |
| 3 months–1 year | 73 (69–77) | < 0.001 | 183/8 | 80 (78–82) | < 0.001 | 576/17 |
| <3 months | 85 (82–88) | 0.002 | 320/8 | 81 (79–84) | < 0.001 | 547/16 |
| Race | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| All Subjectsa | 77 (76–79) | - | 1389/12 | 80 (78–81) | - | 1157/12 |
| Asian | 84 (79–89) | 0.007 | 87/9 | 84 (76–91) | 0.277 | 33/7 |
| Black | 79 (75–82) | 0.059 | 311/11 | 77 (73–81) | 0.277 | 254/12 |
| White | 76 (73–78) | 0.028 | 684/11 | 80 (78–82) | 0.784 | 686/12 |
| Other | 71 (64–78) | 0.010 | 72/5 | 74 (67-82) | 0.277 | 79/6 |
| Ethnicity | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Not Hispanic or Latinoa | 75 (73–77) | - | 407/4 | 79 (77–81) | - | 474/5 |
| Hispanic or Latino | 80 (77–84) | < 0.001 | 302/9 | 85 (81–88) | < 0.001 | 220/11 |
| Severity | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Non-ICUa | 73 (66–79) | - | 43/2 | 83 (79–86) | - | 117/3 |
| ICU | 69 (66–73) | 0.279 | 182/8 | 86 (82–90) | 0.105 | 107/7 |
Average accuracies and 95% confidence intervals of bacterial and viral classification, stratified by different clinical parameters. Only groups with at least fifteen subjects across at least two datasets were evaluated. P-values represent statistical significance, comparing the group to its reference population. N is represented by the number of subjects/the number of datasets used for validation. The “Intracellular Bacteria” group includes subjects with B. pseudomallei, S. typhi, and Mycoplasma infection. The “Extracellular Bacteria” group includes all other subjects with bacterial infection for which an identified pathogen was available. For comparisons related to “Race,” the “All Subjects” group represents all subjects for which racial information was available. a Indicates the reference population used for determination of significance