Figure 5.

Phenotypic alterations of SARS-CoV-2-infected islet cells

(A) Normalized hormone expression by α, β, γ, and δ cells, comparing respective GMSI (geometric mean of signal intensity) values in S/NP⁺ (red) and S/NP⁻ (red/gray hatched) cell fractions of infected cultures with matched populations from mock-infected cultures (gray).

(B) MC contour plots are gated on S/NP⁺ α cells (top) or β cells (bottom) and depict expression of viral S protein (left), respective hormone content (center), and HLA-ABC expression levels (right) as a function of viral NP expression level (NP^int versus NP^hi).

(C) Modulation of HLA-ABC expression levels in major pancreatic cell subsets in response to SARS-CoV-2 infection.

(D) Identification of ductal cells as the major HLA-DR-expressing pancreatic cell subset, distribution of the viral burden in relation to HLA-ABC/HLA-DR expression (values indicate percentage HLA-DR⁺ cells), and summary of HLA expression regulation as a function of SARS-CoV-2 infection and viral S/NP expression.

(E) Phenotypic alteration of ACs and α cells by SARS-CoV-2 infection.

(F) β Cell TF expression across mock-infected and infected S/NP⁻ and S/NP⁺ populations.

All bar diagrams represent mean ± SD and scatter of 4–7 donors (B–E) or 3–4 donors (F); statistics were calculated by repeated-measures ANOVA (∗, p<0.05; ∗∗, p < 0.01; ∗∗∗, p < 0.001).