Table 3.
Prevalence of hyperuricemia among adults in mainland China by risk factors and major chronic diseases, 2015-16 and 2018-19*.
| Characteristics | Prevalence, 95% CI | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Men | Women | Overall | |||||||
| 2015-16 | 2018-19 | Changes of prevalence, 2018-19 vs 2015-16 | 2015-16 | 2018-19 | Changes of prevalence, 2018-19 vs 2015-16 | 2015-16 | 2018-19 | Changes of Prevalence, 2018-19 vs 2015-16 | |
| Current smoking | |||||||||
| Yes | 18.4(17.2,19.7) | 22.7(21.3,24.1) | 4.3(3.5,5.0)† | 3.7(2.7,4.7) | 3.7(2.7,4.7) | 0.0(-0.7,1.0) | 17.9(16.7,19.0) | 21.9(20.6,23.3) | 4.1(3.4,4.8)† |
| No | 20.3(18.5,22.1) | 26.2(24.2,28.1) | 5.9(4.9,6.8)† | 2.8(2.5,3.0) | 3.6(3.2,4.0) | 0.9(0.6,0.0)† | 8.5(7.9,9.2) | 13.0(12.2,13.8) | 2.7(2.3,3.1)† |
| P for difference | 0.0047 | <0.0001 | 0.0436 | 0.8691 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | |||
| Heavy drinking | |||||||||
| Yes | 22.5(19.5,25.6) | 26.2(24.2,28.2) | 3.7(2.0,5.4)† | 3.4(2.5,4.2) | 5.5(3.5,7.5) | 2.2(1.0,0.1) | 18.5(16.2,20.7) | 24.8(23.0,26.6) | 6.3(5.0,7.7)† |
| No | 18.5(17.4,19.7) | 24.1(22.7,25.6) | 5.6(4.9,6.3)† | 2.7(2.5,3.0) | 3.6(3.2,4.0) | 0.9(0.6,0.0)† | 10.0(9.4,10.6) | 13.0(12.2,13.8) | 3.0(2.6,3.4)† |
| P for difference | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | 0.1588 | 0.0309 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | |||
| Beer drinking | |||||||||
| Never | 17.9(17.0,18.9) | 23.0(21.6,24.4) | 5.1(4.3,5.9)† | 2.8(2.6,3.1) | 3.7(3.3,4.1) | 0.9(0.6,1.1)† | 9.0(8.5,9.4) | 11.9(11.1,12.6) | 2.9(2.4,3.3)† |
| At least once/year | 20.5(17.9,23.1) | 26.0(23.5,28.5) | 5.5(4.2,6.9)† | 2.0(1.5,2.6) | 2.8(2.0,3.5) | 0.7(0.2,1.2) | 15.6(13.6,17.6) | 19.3(17.4,21.1) | 3.7(2.7,4.6)† |
| At least once/week | 23.1(19.9,26.2) | 29.2(26.7,31.8) | 6.2(4.4,7.9)† | 4.7(2.1,7.2) | 3.7(2.1,5.3) | -1.0(-2.6,0.6) | 21.5(18.5,24.4) | 27.1(24.8,29.4) | 5.6(4.0,7.3)† |
| P for trend | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | 0.9621 | 0.1290 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | |||
| Fruit & vegetable intake <400g/d | |||||||||
| Yes | 18.8(17.6,20.0) | 25.1(22.8,27.4) | 6.3(5.2,7.4)† | 2.9(2.6,3.3) | 3.3(3.0,3.7) | 0.4(0.2,0.7) | 11.0(10.2,11.7) | 14.4(13.1,15.7) | 3.4(2.8,4.1)† |
| No | 19.9(18.1,21.7) | 23.9(22.6,25.1) | 4.0(3.1,4.9)† | 2.6(2.4,2.9) | 3.8(3.3,4.3) | 1.2(0.9,1.5)† | 11.2(10.3,12.1) | 13.6(12.9,14.4) | 2.4(2.0,2.9)† |
| P for difference | 0.1026 | 0.33 | 0.1077 | 0.1112 | 0.5070 | 0.2584 | |||
| Red meat intake >100g/d | |||||||||
| Yes | 23.2(21.7,24.7) | 29.2(27.3,31.1) | 6.0(5.2,6.8)† | 2.9(2.6,3.3) | 4.7(3.8,5.5) | 1.7(1.1,2.2)† | 15.3(14.4,16.2) | 19.0(17.6,20.5) | 3.7(3.1,4.4)† |
| No | 17.3(16.0,18.7) | 19.8(18.3,21.3) | 2.5(1.5,3.5)† | 2.6(2.4,2.9) | 3.0(2.7,3.4) | 0.3(0.1,0.5) | 10.7(9.9,11.5) | 13.3(12.4,14.1) | 0.9(0.4,1.4) |
| P for difference | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | 0.2911 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | |||
| Physical inactivity (<150min/w) | |||||||||
| Yes | 20.0(18.5,21.6) | 26.1(24.0,28.2) | 6.1(4.9,7.3)† | 3.0(2.5,3.6) | 4.6(3.8,5.3) | 0.7(0.4,1.0)† | 12.5(11.5,13.4) | 16.4(15.0,17.7) | 3.9(3.1,4.7)† |
| No | 19.1(17.5,20.8) | 23.9(22.4,25.3) | 4.8(4.0,5.5)† | 2.7(2.5,2.9) | 3.4(3.0,3.8) | 1.3(0.9,1.8)† | 10.7(9.9,11.5) | 13.3(12.4,14.1) | 2.6(2.2,3.0)† |
| P for difference | 0.3864 | 0.0349 | 0.0372 | 0.0021 | 0.0018 | <0.0001 | |||
| BMI group (kg/m2) | |||||||||
| <18.5 | 9.8(7.2,12.3) | 17.5(11.1,23.8) | 7.7(3.5,11.9) | 1.4(0.9,1.8) | 0.8(0.4,1.2) | -0.6(-0.9,-0.2) | 5.2(4.1,6.4) | 8.4(5.0,11.8) | 3.2(1.1,5.3) |
| 18.5-24.9 | 14.6(12.8,16.4) | 17.6(16.3,18.9) | 3.0(2.1,3.8)† | 1.9(1.6,2.1) | 2.4(2.1,2.7) | 0.5(0.3,0.7)† | 8.0(7.1,9.0) | 9.5(8.8,10.2) | 1.4(1.0,1.8)† |
| 25.0-29.9 | 25.4(23.7,27.2) | 29.8(28.0,31.5) | 4.3(3.3,5.4)† | 3.6(3.1,4.0) | 5.0(4.3,5.8) | 1.5(1.0,1.9)† | 15.4(14.3,16.4) | 18.5(17.4,19.7) | 3.2(2.5,3.8)† |
| ≥30.0 | 35.8(33.3,38.2) | 46.9(43.0,50.7) | 11.1(8.7,13.5)† | 9.1(7.8,10.4) | 10.0(8.1,11.8) | 0.9(-0.3,2.1) | 22.6(21.3,24.0) | 30.1(27.4,32.9) | 7.5(5.9,9.1)† |
| P for trend | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | |||
| Central obesity | |||||||||
| Yes | 27.4(25.6,29.1) | 33.4(31.5,35.3) | 6.0(4.9,7.2)† | 5.0(4.6,5.5) | 6.1(5.4,6.9) | 1.1(0.7,1.6)† | 16.5(15.5,17.5) | 20.5(19.2,21.8) | 4.0(3.3,4.7)† |
| No | 15.9(14.3,17.4) | 19.1(17.6,20.7) | 3.3(2.5,4.0)† | 1.9(1.6,2.1) | 2.4(2.0,2.7) | 0.5(0.3,0.7)† | 8.8(8.0,9.6) | 10.5(9.6,11.3) | 1.6(1.2,2.0)† |
| P for difference | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | |||
| Hypertension | |||||||||
| Yes | 22.1(20.7,23.5) | 27.0(25.5,28.5) | 4.9(3.9,5.8)† | 4.8(4.3,5.3) | 6.3(5.5,7.0) | 1.5(1.0,1.9)† | 14.2(13.3,15.0) | 17.8(16.8,18.8) | 3.6(3.0,4.3)† |
| No | 18.0(16.4,19.7) | 23.3(21.7,24.9) | 5.3(4.5,6.1)† | 2.0(1.8,2.3) | 2.8(2.4,3.2) | 0.7(0.5,1.0)† | 10.6(9.9,11.4) | 12.5(11.6,13.5) | 2.7(2.3,3.1)† |
| P for difference | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | |||
| Diabetes status | |||||||||
| Normal | NA | 24.1(22.5,25.7) | NA | NA | 2.6(2.3,3.0) | NA | NA | 12.9(12.0,13.8) | NA |
| Prediabetes | NA | 26.9(24.9,29.0) | NA | NA | 5.6(4.7,6.5) | NA | NA | 17.2(15.8,18.5) | NA |
| Diabetes without treatment | NA | 26.0(23.6,28.4) | NA | NA | 7.3(6.2,8.4) | NA | NA | 18.2(16.6,19.7) | NA |
| Diabetes treated | NA | 16.8(14.3,19.4) | NA | NA | 6.9(5.9,8.0) | NA | NA | 11.7(10.1,13.2) | NA |
| P for difference | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | ||||||
| Low eGFR | |||||||||
| Yes | NA | 52.6(49.3,56.0) | NA | NA | 25.3(22.6,28.0) | NA | NA | 38.0(35.7,40.3) | NA |
| No | NA | 23.8(22.4,25.3) | NA | NA | 3.1(2.7,3.4) | NA | NA | 13.4(12.6,14.3) | NA |
| P for difference | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | ||||||
| Albuminuria | |||||||||
| Yes | NA | 31.4(28.7,34.1) | NA | NA | 6.8(5.9,7.7) | NA | NA | 18.5(16.8,20.2) | NA |
| No | NA | 23.9(22.6,25.3) | NA | NA | 3.4(3.0,3.8) | NA | NA | 13.8(12.9,14.6) | NA |
| P for difference | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | ||||||
| High TC | |||||||||
| Yes | 30.3(27.3,33.2) | 36.2(32.4,39.9) | 5.9(4.1,7.7)† | 6.5(5.4,7.6) | 8.9(7.1,10.7) | 2.4(1.2,3.5)† | 17.9(16.5,19.2) | 22.7(20.4,25.1) | 4.9(3.7,6.0)† |
| No | 18.7(17.3,20.0) | 23.3(22.0,24.7) | 4.7(3.9,5.4)† | 2.5(2.3,2.8) | 3.1(2.8,3.5) | 0.6(0.4,0.8)† | 10.6(9.9,11.4) | 13.2(12.4,13.9) | 2.5(2.1,2.9)† |
| P for difference | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | |||
| High TG | |||||||||
| Yes | 34.1(32.3,35.9) | 40.7(38.4,43.1) | 6.6(5.2,8.0)† | 8.5(7.4,9.6) | 8.8(7.7,9.8) | 0.3(-0.5,1.1) | 24.6(23.4,25.8) | 29.3(27.4,31.1) | 4.6(3.6,5.7)† |
| No | 15.9(14.3,17.5) | 19.4(18.1,20.7) | 3.5(2.7,4.2)† | 2.1(1.9,2.2) | 2.8(2.5,3.2) | 0.8(0.5,1.0)† | 8.7(7.9,9.5) | 10.5(9.8,11.3) | 1.8(1.5,2.2)† |
| P for difference | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | |||
*Data are presented incorporating sample weights and adjusted for clusters and strata of the complex sample design of CCDRFS. †P values for changes from 2015-16 to 2018-19 are <0.05. 95% CI, 95% confidence interval. NA, data not available; BMI, body mass index; TC, total cholesterol; TG, triglycerides; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate.