Table 1.
The aberrantly expressed miRNAs in RA.
| miRNA | Express | Target gene(s) | Tissue/cell source | Model | Species | Functions | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Synovial tissues | |||||||
| miR-10a-5p | Down | TBX5 | Synoviocyte | Cell model | – | Proliferation, apoptosis | (35) |
| miR-17 | Down | TRAF2 | Synovial tissue, SF, serum | Cell model | Human | Inflammation | (36) |
| miR-19a | Down | MMP13 | Synovial tissues, FLS | Cell model | Human | Proliferation, invasion | (37) |
| miR-20a | Down | TXNIP | FLS | Cell model | Rat | Inflammation | (38) |
| miR-21 | Up | NF-κB pathway | FLS | Cell model | Human | Proliferation | (39) |
| miR-22 | Down | sirt1 | Synovial tissues | Cell model | Human | Proliferation, inflammation | (40) |
| miR-26a-5p | Up | Smad 1 | Synovial tissue | – | – | Invasive | (41) |
| miR-27a | Down | FSTL1 | Synovial tissues FLS, serum | Cell model | Human | Migration, invasion | (42) |
| miR-27a-3p | Down | TLR5 | RASF | Cell model | Human | Apoptosis, inflammation | (43) |
| miR-29a | Down | STAT3 | Synovial tissues, FLS, serum | Cell model | Human | Inflammation, apoptosis | (44) |
| miR-34a-5p | Down | XBP1 | FLS | Cell model | Human | Proliferation | (45) |
| miR−34a−3p | Down | MDM4 | FLS | Cell model | Human | Proliferation, inflammation | (46) |
| miR-106b | Up | PDK4 | SFB-exosomal | Cell model Mouse model | Human Mouse | Proliferation, migration | (47) |
| miR-124 | Down | MARCKS | FLS | Cell model Mouse model | Human Mouse | Proliferation, inflammation | (48) |
| miR-125 | Down | PARP2 | Synovial tissues | Rat model | Rat | Inflammation | (49) |
| miR-126 | Up | PIK3R2 | Synovial tissues | Cell model | Human | Proliferation, apoptosis | (50) |
| miR-135a | Up | PIK3R2 | Synovial tissues | Cell model | Human | Apoptosis, migration, proliferation | (51) |
| miR-137 | Down | LSD1 | Synovial tissue, serum | Cell model Rat model | Human Rat | Inflammation | (52) |
| Down | CXCL12 | FLS | Rat model | Rat | Proliferation, migration | (53) | |
| miR-138 | Up | HDAC4 | Synovial tissue, serum | Cell model | Human | Inflammation | (54) |
| miR-140-3p | Down | SIRT3 | SF | Cell model | Human | Apoptosis | (55) |
| miR-143 | Up | IGFBP5 | FLS | Cell model | Human | Improve RA-FLS sensitivity | (56) |
| miR-145 | Up | SEMA3A | FLS | Cell model | Human | Improve RA-FLS sensitivity | (56) |
| miR−152 | Down | ADAM10 | Synovial tissue, serum, FLS | – | – | Proliferation, inflammation | (57) |
| miR-155 | Up | IKBKE | FLS, PBMC | Cell model | Human | Inflammation | (58) |
| miR-192 | Down | CAV1 | Synovial tissue, FLS | Cell model | Human | Proliferation, apoptosis | (59) |
| miR-193a-3p | Up | IGFBP5 | Synovial tissues | Cell model | Human | Proliferation, apoptosis | (60) |
| miR-221-3p | Up | JAK3 | Synovial tissues, synovial fluid | Cell model | Human | Inflammation | (61) |
| miR-365 | Down | IGF-1 | Synovial tissues | Mouse model | Mouse | Apoptosis | (62) |
| miR-421 | Up | SPRY1 | Synovial tissues, FLS | Mouse model | Human Mouse | Inflammation | (63) |
| miR-424 | Up | DICER1 | RASF | Cell model | Human | Apoptosis, proliferation | (64) |
| miR-431-5p | Down | XIAP | Synovial tissues, FLS | Cell model | Human | Proliferation, apoptosis | (65) |
| miR-449a | Down | HMGB1 | Synovial tissues | Cell model | Human | Inflammation, proliferation | (66) |
| miR-483-3p | Up | IGF-1 | Synovial tissues, FLS | Cell model | Human | Apoptosis, proliferation | (67) |
| miR-495 | Down | β-catenin | Synovial tissues, FLS | – | – | Proliferation, inflammation | (68) |
| miR-522 | Up | SOCS3 | SF | Cell model | Human | Inflammation | (69) |
| miR-3926 | Down | TLR5 | RASF, synovial tissues | Cell model | Human | Proliferation, inflammation | (70) |
| miR-6089 | Down | CCR4 | Synovial tissues, FLS | – | – | Proliferation, apoptosis | (71) |
| Synovial fluid | |||||||
| miR-574-5p | Up | TLR7/8 | Synovial fluid sEV | Cell model | Human | Bone resorption | (72) |
| miR-146a | Up | FAF1 | CD4+ T cells of synovial fluid | Cell model | Human | T cell apoptosis | (73) |
| miR-let7a | Down | HMGA2 | synovial fluid macrophages | Mouse model | Human Mouse | Macrophage activation | (74) |
| Blood/serum | |||||||
| miR-16 | Up | RORγt/FoxP3 | PBMC/serum | – | – | Th17/Treg imbalance | (75, 76) |
| Down | SOX5 | FLS/serum | Cell model | Human | Inflammation, migration | (77, 78) | |
| miR-21 | Up | – | Plasma | – | – | Biomarkers | (75) |
| Down | STAT3 | PBMC | Cell model | Human | T-cell homoeostasis | (79) | |
| miR-124 | Down | – | Serum | – | – | Related to MMP-3 levels | (80) |
| miR-125b | Up | NF-κB pathway | Serum/synovial tissues/FLS | Cell model | Human | Inflammation | (81) |
| Down | – | PBMC, plasma | – | – | Biomarker | (82) | |
| miR-126-3P | Up | – | Serum | – | – | Biomarkers | (75, 83) |
| miR-103a-3p | Up | TP53, AGO2 | PB, PBMC | – | – | Prognostic biomarker | (84) |
| miR-155 | Up | PU.1/CCL3 | PB B cells/serum/PBMC | Cell model | Human | B-cell activation/inflammation | (85–87) |
| Down | – | Serum | – | – | Predictors for disease outcome | (77) | |
| miR-146a-5p | Down | CTGF | Serum | Mouse model | Human Mouse | Inflammation, pannus formation | (88) |
| Up | – | Plasma/whole blood | – | – | – | (89) | |
| miR-210 | Down | – | Serum | – | – | Independent diagnostic markers | (90) |
| miR-212-3p | Down | SOX5 | Serum, synovial tissues, FLS | Cell model | Human | Proliferation, apoptosis | (91) |
| miR-301a-3p | Up | PIAS3 | PBMC | Cell model | Human | Differentiation, proinflammatory, | (92) |
| miR-5196 | Up | – | Serum | – | – | Biomarker | (93) |
| let-7a | Down | K-Ras, ERK1/2 | Monocytes | Cell model | Human | Inflammation, | (94) |
RA-SF, rheumatoid arthritis synovial fibroblast; SF, synovial fibroblasts; FLS, fibroblast−like synoviocytes; sEV, small extracellular vesicles; PBMC, peripheral blood mononuclear cell; PB, peripheral blood; TBX5, T-box transcription factor 5; TRAF2, TNF receptor-associated factor 2; MMP-13, matrix metalloproteinase-13; TXNIP, thioredoxin interacting protein; FSTL1, 1follistatin-like 1; TLR5, toll-like receptor 5; STAT3/PIAS3, transcriptionactivator3; XBP1, x-box binding protein 1; MDM4, mouse double minute homolog 4; PDK4, pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 4; MARCKS, myristoylated alanine-rich C-kinase substrate; PARP2, poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase2; LSD1, lysine−specific demethylase 1; CXCL12, C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 12; HDAC4, histone deacetylase 4; IGFBP5, insulin-like growth factor binding protein5; JAK3, janus kinase 3; IGF-1, insulin-like growth factor-I; SPRY1, sprouty1; XIAP, X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis; HMGB1, high Mobility Group B1; SOCS3, suppressor of cytokine signaling 3; CCR4, CC chemokine receptor 4; FAF1, fas-associated factor 1; HMGA2, high mobility group AT-hook 2; SOX, 5SRY-related high-morbidity-group (HMG) box 5; CTGF, connective tissue growth factor.