Table 1.
Participants baseline demographic and clinical characteristics.
| Characteristic | Without probiotic intake (N = 32,965) | Yogurt consumption (N = 3,539) | Dietary supplements containing probiotic (N = 213) | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline characteristics | ||||
| Age (y) | 46.2 ± 16.8 | 48.3 ± 16.4 | 50.1 ± 15.7 | <0.001 |
| Man (%) | 49.7 | 35.4 | 27.3 | <0.001 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 28.6 ± 6.6 | 27.7 ± 6.4 | 27.1 ± 6.5 | <0.001 |
| Race (%) | <0.001 | |||
| Mexican American | 8.4 | 6.0 | 2.6 | |
| Other Hispanic | 5.1 | 4.2 | 5.2 | |
| Non-Hispanic White | 69.3 | 79.0 | 81.7 | |
| Non-Hispanic Black | 11.6 | 4.8 | 6.5 | |
| Others | 5.5 | 6.0 | 3.9 | |
| Laboratory tests | ||||
| Hemoglobin (g/dL) | 14.4 ± 1.5 | 14.1 ± 1.3 | 14.2 ± 1.1 | <0.001 |
| WBC (1,000 cells/uL) | 7.3 ± 2.3 | 7.1 ± 2.4 | 6.8 ± 1.8 | <0.001 |
| Platelets (1,000 cells/uL) | 258.5 ± 67.2 | 252.5 ± 65.4 | 249.0 ± 63.7 | <0.001 |
| Total bilirubin (umol/L) | 12.2 ± 5.3 | 12.5 ± 5.1 | 12.8 ± 4.8 | 0.0012 |
| Creatinine (umol/L) | 78.1 ± 33.2 | 75.2 ± 20.4 | 75.1 ± 16.8 | <0.001 |
| BUN (mmol/L) | 4.7 ± 1.9 | 4.8 ± 1.7 | 4.7 ± 1.6 | 0.0190 |
| Comorbidities | ||||
| Hypertension (%) | 29.7 | 26.8 | 24.7 | 0.0002 |
| Diabetes mellitus (%) | 8.1 | 6.4 | 9.9 | 0.0002 |
| CHD (%) | 3.4 | 3.1 | 2.8 | 0.5734 |
| CHF (%) | 2.3 | 1.8 | 1.5 | 0.0707 |
| Asthma (%) | 13.4 | 12.5 | 18.7 | 0.0070 |
| Stroke (%) | 2.6 | 1.7 | 2.3 | 0.0014 |
| Chronic bronchitis (%) | 6.3 | 4.1 | 9.4 | <0.001 |
| Cancer (%) | 8.7 | 10.8 | 16.4 | <0.001 |
BMI, body mass index; WBC, white blood cell; BUN, blood urea nitrogen; CAD, coronary heart disease; CHF, congestive heart failure.
Continuous variables were expressed as means and standard deviations and categorical variables were expressed as percentages. Means and percentages are weighted.