Table 2.
Association of probiotic exposure with mortality in 32,625 participants of national health and nutrition examination survey, 1999–2014.
| Exposure | Model 1a HR (95% CI) | p-value | Model 2b HR (95% CI) | p-value | Model 3c HR (95% CI) | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| All-cause mortality | ||||||
| Yogurt | 0.86 (0.73, 1.02) | 0.096 | 0.79 (0.67, 0.93) | 0.005 | 0.83 (0.71, 0.98) | 0.035 |
| Probiotic supplements | 0.64 (0.36, 1.14) | 0.132 | 0.67 (0.38, 1.19) | 0.181 | 0.74 (0.43, 1.29) | 0.300 |
| Cardiovascular mortality | ||||||
| Yogurt | 0.66 (0.41, 1.04) | 0.076 | 0.62 (0.39, 0.99) | 0.048 | 0.68 (0.43, 1.08) | 0.109 |
| Probiotic supplements | 0.83 (0.25, 2.72) | 0.763 | 0.99 (0.30, 3.24) | 0.993 | 1.13 (0.34, 3.67) | 0.837 |
| Cancer mortality | ||||||
| Yogurt | 1.03 (0.75, 1.41) | 0.845 | 0.98 (0.71, 1.35) | 0.904 | 1.00 (0.72, 1.38) | 0.972 |
| Probiotic supplements | 1.12 (0.41, 3.07) | 0.815 | 1.21 (0.45, 3.27) | 0.699 | 1.34 (0.50, 3.62) | 0.555 |
a
Unadjusted.
b
Adjusted for age, sex, race, and body mass index.
c
Adjusted for age, sex, race, body mass index, white blood cell count, hemoglobin, platelet count, total bilirubin, creatinine, blood urea nitrogen, hypertension, diabetes, asthma congestive heart failure, coronary heart disease, stroke, chronic bronchitis, and cancer.