Table 2.

Risk Factors and Comorbidities, Medicaid Beneficiaries with ASD Only, ASD+ID, ID Only, MHCs, and Random Sample (no ASD/ID/MHCs)

		Population ASD/ID (N = 646,708)			Random Sample (no ASD/ID) (n = 1,056,585)
		ASD Only	ASD+ID	ID Only	MHC	No MHC
		Percent/Mean	Percent/Mean	Percent/Mean	Percent/Mean	Percent/Mean
	Risk Factor
1	Lives in primary care shortage area, high	18.31	17.71	19.38	19.30	14.33
2	Living in a residential facility	18.51	54.27	45.08	5.40	1.22
3	Receiving services in the home regularly from outside caregivers	20.76	32.19	30.33	11.13	2.74
4	Had hospitalization (psychiatric or inpatient) >=30 days over 5 years	1.59	1.74	1.74	1.42	0.22
5	Avoidable hospitalizations
6	Any	51.97	69.49	67.03	65.03	26.04
7	COPD, chronic bronchitis, asthma	20.21	19.70	24.92	34.87	9.81
8	Congestive heart failure	2.16	2.52	4.93	5.02	1.44
9	Constipation, fecal impaction, and obstipation	6.87	16.00	12.06	6.77	1.62
10	Dehydration, volume depletion including acute renal failure and hyponatremia	4.02	6.56	6.88	6.39	1.27
11	Hypertension and hypotension	14.49	17.63	21.92	24.96	8.54
12	Poor glycemic control	7.62	7.50	9.31	10.58	4.04
13	Seizures	16.25	36.18	29.79	8.88	1.62
14	Urinary tract infection	10.90	16.54	18.53	22.17	9.03
15	Weight loss (failure to thrive) and nutritional deficiencies	4.54	11.19	8.05	3.67	0.78
	Total risk factors (rows 1–4, 6) (mean)	0.88	1.38	1.35	0.81	0.35
	Comorbidities
16	Any	28.89	32.37	38.45	43.50	16.43
17	Cancer	4.87	5.82	7.95	8.09	2.63
18	Chronic kidney disease	4.77	6.16	7.89	8.35	2.75
19	Chronic lung disease	6.72	5.86	10.69	18.11	3.20
20	Diabetes	11.82	12.57	16.69	17.78	7.65
21	Immunocompromised	0.43	0.41	0.34	0.49	0.14
22	Previous Organ Transplant Recipient	0.44	0.29	0.42	0.47	0.30
23	Serious Heart Conditions	2.75	3.15	6.17	6.41	1.82
24	Severe Obesity	10.66	10.16	10.01	12.50	4.76
25	Sickle Cell Disease	0.14	0.08	0.11	0.17	0.08
	Total comorbidities (rows 17–25) (mean)	0.54	0.57	0.77	0.90	0.31

Notes: ASD=autism spectrum disorder, ID=intellectual disability, MHC=mental health condition