Appendix Table A1.

Unadjusted and Adjusted Regressions, ASD Only, ASD+ID, ID Only, and MHC as Predictors for Risk Factors or Comorbidities, Odds Ratios [99% Confidence Intervals]

				Population ASD/ID				Random Sample (no ASD/ID)
		ASD Only (N = 31,101)		ASD+ID (N = 52,049)		ID Only (N = 563,558)		MHC (N = 372,807)
		OR [99% CI]		OR [99% CI]		OR [99% CI]		OR [99% CI]
		Unadjusted	Adjusted	Unadjusted	Adjusted	Unadjusted	Adjusted	Unadjusted	Adjusted
	Risk Factor
1	Living in primary care shortage areas, high	1.34 [1.29, 1.39]	0.87 [0.83,0.91]	1.29 [1.25, 1.33]	0.87 [0.83,0.91]	1.44 [1.42, 1.46]	0.99 [0.97,1.01]a	1.43 [1.41, 1.45]	1.02 [1.00,1.03]a
2	Living in a residential facility	18.37 [17.52, 19.26]	8.87 [8.29,9.50]	95.94 [92.52, 99.49]	58.73 [55.36,62.31]	66.37 [64.46, 68.33]	32.25 [31.05,33.49]	4.61 [4.46, 4.77]	2.77 [2.67,2.88]
3	Receiving services in the home regularly from outside caregivers Having had a hospitalization	9.31 [8.94, 9.7]	3.92 [3.71,4.14]	16.87 [16.36, 17.40]	6.57 [6.28,6.87]	15.47 [15.16, 15.79]	7.02 [6.82,7.22]	4.45 [4.35, 4.56]	2.53 [2.47,2.60]
4	(psychiatric or inpatient) for at least 30 days over the 5 years	7.41 [6.48, 8.48]	3.28 [2.77,3.90]	8.14 [7.30, 9.08]	2.79 [2.41,3.23]	8.16 [7.59, 8.77]	3.85 [3.50,4.24]	6.62 [6.14, 7.14]	4.10 [3.78,4.46]
5	Avoidable hospitalizations
6	Any	3.07 [2.98, 3.17]	2.34 [2.25,2.42]	6.47 [6.31, 6.64]	4.89 [4.73,5.05]	5.78 [5.72, 5.84]	3.51 [3.45,3.57]	5.28 [5.22, 5.34]	3.61 [3.56,3.65]
7	COPD, chronic bronchitis, asthma	2.33 [2.24, 2.42]	1.57 [1.50,1.64]	2.26 [2.19, 2.32]	1.41 [1.36,1.46]	3.05 [3.01, 3.09]	1.74 [1.71,1.78]	4.92 [4.85, 4.99]	3.26 [3.21,3.31]
8	Congestive heart failure	1.52 [1.37, 1.68]	0.98 [0.87,1.09]a	1.77 [1.64, 1.92]	0.82 [0.75,0.90]	3.56 [3.45, 3.67]	1.32 [1.27,1.37]	3.63 [3.51, 3.75]	1.91 [1.84,1.98]
9	Constipation, fecal impaction, and obstipation	4.49 [4.21, 4.78]	4.09 [3.78,4.42]	11.58 [11.13, 12.04]	9.59 [9.01,10.20]	8.34 [8.12, 8.56]	5.46 [5.24,5.70]	4.41 [4.28, 4.55]	3.15 [3.05,3.25]
10	Dehydration, volume depletion including acute renal failure and hyponatremia	3.27 [3.02, 3.54]	1.82 [1.65,1.99]	5.47 [5.19, 5.77]	2.46 [2.30,2.64]	5.76 [5.59, 5.94]	2.39 [2.30,2.49]	5.32 [5.15, 5.50]	2.95 [2.85,3.06]
11	Hypertension and hypotension	1.81 [1.74, 1.89]	1.86 [1.76,1.95]	2.29 [2.22, 2.36]	1.85 [1.77,1.92]	3.01 [2.96, 3.05]	1.67 [1.64,1.71]	3.56 [3.51, 3.61]	2.33 [2.29,2.37]
12	Poor glycemic control	1.96 [1.85, 2.08]	1.72 [1.61,1.84]	1.93 [1.84, 2.02]	1.46 [1.38,1.54]	2.44 [2.39, 2.49]	1.35 [1.32,1.39]	2.81 [2.76, 2.87]	1.75 [1.71,1.79]
13	Seizures	11.78 [11.24, 12.34]	3.81 [3.59,4.05]	34.41 [33.26, 35.6]	10.34 [9.87,10.84]	25.76 [25.10, 26.43]	9.17 [8.87,9.48]	5.92 [5.75, 6.09]	3.41 [3.30,3.51]
14	Urinary tract infection	1.23 [1.18, 1.29]	1.76 [1.66,1.86]	2.00 [1.93, 2.06]	3.07 [2.94,3.21]	2.29 [2.26, 2.32]	2.85 [2.77,2.92]	2.87 [2.83, 2.91]	2.56 [2.52,2.60]
15	Weight loss (failure to thrive) and nutritional deficiencies	6.05 [5.59, 6.55]	3.89 [3.51,4.31]	16.05 [15.26, 16.88]	9.57 [8.85,10.35]	11.14 [10.73, 11.57]	6.44 [6.10,6.81]	4.85 [4.65, 5.06]	3.25 [3.10,3.40]
	Comorbidities
16	Any	2.07 [2.00, 2.14]	1.50 [1.44,1.56]	2.44 [2.37, 2.50]	1.52 [1.47,1.57]	3.18 [3.14, 3.21]	1.55 [1.52,1.57]	3.92 [3.87, 3.96]	2.56 [2.53,2.60]
17	Cancer	1.90 [1.77, 2.04]	1.54 [1.42,1.67]	2.29 [2.17, 2.41]	1.59 [1.49,1.69]	3.20 [3.13, 3.28]	1.44 [1.39,1.49]	3.26 [3.18, 3.34]	2.03 [1.97,2.08]
18	Chronic kidney disease	1.78 [1.65, 1.91]	0.89 [0.82,0.96]	2.32 [2.21, 2.44]	0.95 [0.89,1.01]a	3.03 [2.96, 3.10]	1.16 [1.12,1.19]	3.23 [3.15, 3.31]	1.87 [1.82,1.92]
19	Chronic lung disease	2.18 [2.05, 2.32]	1.37 [1.27,1.46]	1.88 [1.79, 1.98]	0.96 [0.90,1.02]a	3.62 [3.54, 3.69]	1.61 [1.56,1.65]	6.68 [6.55, 6.82]	3.89 [3.81,3.98]
20	Diabetes	1.62 [1.55, 1.70]	1.48 [1.40,1.56]	1.74 [1.68, 1.80]	1.26 [1.21,1.32]	2.42 [2.38, 2.46]	1.25 [1.23,1.28]	2.61 [2.57, 2.65]	1.64 [1.61,1.67]
21	Immunocompromised	2.97 [2.34, 3.76]	1.17 [0.88,1.54]a	2.88 [2.37, 3.49]	0.97 [0.76,1.22]a	2.36 [2.13, 2.61]	0.86 [0.75,0.98]	3.41 [3.08, 3.77]	2.00 [1.79,2.23]
22	Previous Organ Transplant Recipient	1.49 [1.19, 1.87]	0.29 [0.23,0.38]	0.97 [0.78, 1.21]a	0.16 [0.13,0.21]	1.41 [1.30, 1.52]	0.27 [0.24,0.29]	1.59 [1.46, 1.73]	0.76 [0.69,0.83]
23	Serious Heart Conditions	1.52 [1.39, 1.67]	0.98 [0.89,1.09]a	1.75 [1.64, 1.88]	0.8 [0.74,0.87]	3.55 [3.45, 3.64]	1.30 [1.25,1.34]	3.70 [3.59, 3.80]	1.95 [1.89,2.02]
24	Severe Obesity	2.39 [2.27, 2.51]	2.37 [2.23,2.52]	2.26 [2.17, 2.35]	2.16 [2.05,2.28]	2.23 [2.18, 2.27]	1.89 [1.83,1.95]	2.86 [2.80, 2.91]	2.16 [2.11,2.21]
25	Sickle Cell Disease	1.76 [1.17, 2.67]	0.57 [0.37,0.90]	1.10 [0.74, 1.65]a	0.25 [0.16,0.39]	1.43 [1.22, 1.66]	0.48 [0.40,0.58]	2.22 [1.91, 2.59]	1.50 [1.27,1.76]

Notes: ASD=autism spectrum disorder, ID=intellectual disability, MHC=mental health conditions. Adjusted regressions control for age group, sex, race, ethnicity, eligibility type, insurance type, Medicare dual eligibility and state; comparison is to the random sample with no ID, ASD, or MHC.

^ap-value is not less than 0.01 (for all other estimates, p<0.01)