TABLE 3.

Introducing artemisinin (ART) pathway genes in planta to improve the ART production using different strategies.

	Expression type	Yield	References
Nicotiana benthamiana	Transient expression of ART precursors’ genes	0.000220347 mg/g FW	Ting et al. (2013)
Nicotiana benthamiana	Expression of ADS	2e-7-1.7e-6mg/g FW	Wallaart et al. (2001)
Nicotiana benthamiana	Stable transformation of ADS	0.00048-0.00094 mg ART/g DW	Farhi et al. (2011)
Nicotiana benthamiana	Stable transformation of mtADS	0.005-0.0068 mg ART/g DW	Farhi et al. (2011)
Nicotiana benthamiana	Stable transformation of ADS, CYP71AV1, and DBR2	AD: > 0.004 mg/g FW; AA: > 0.0005 mg/g FW; DA: > 0.0015 mg/g FW	Zhang et al. (2011)
Nicotiana benthamiana	Transient expression of AaLTP3 and AaPDR2	0.003 mg/g DW	Wang et al. (2016)
Nicotiana benthamiana	SPG Transformation	> 0.12 mg artemisinic acid/g biomass	Fuentes et al. (2016)
Nicotiana benthamiana	Stable transformation of ART B.P. genes	0.3–0.8 mg/g DW	Malhotra et al. (2016)
Nicotiana benthamiana	Transient expression of ART B.P. genes	0.0395 mg/g FW	van Herpen et al. (2010)
Physcomitrella patens	Stable transformation of ART B.P. genes	0.21 mg/g DW	Ikram et al. (2017)

SPG, Stable Plastid Genome; FW, Fresh Weight; DW, Dry Weight; AD, Amorphadiene; AA, Artemisinic alcohol; DA, Dihydroartemisinic alcohol; ART B.P., Artemisinin biosynthetic pathway. All units are converted to milligram per gram (mg/g).