Table 2.
CVD-Associated Skin Diseases
| Skin Disease | Common Features | Cardiovascular Risk Factors | Non-Specific Inflammation | Management Key Points | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Psoriasis | IL-23/Th17 pathway, M1 monocyte phenotype | Especially important* | Especially important | Disease treatment, avoid flares-up, treat, and assess cardiovascular risk, achieve remission | [7–30] |
| Hidradenitis Suppurativa | IL-32, Neo-angiogenesis | Especially important | Important | Disease treatment, avoid flares-up, treat, and assess cardiovascular risk, achieve remission | [31–42] |
| Cutaneous Lupus | INFα, TNFα and Th1 Lymphocytes, M1 monocyte phenotype | Especially important | Important# | Assess and treat cardiovascular risk factors, continuously assess for SLE | [56–64] |
| Rosacea | ADAMDEC1 (1 study) | Especially important | Mildly important° | Assess and treat cardiovascular risk factors | [43–55] |
| Atopic Dermatitis | b-thromboglobulin, platelet factor 4 (1 study) | Mildly important | Important | Control inflammatory state, assess and treat cardiovascular risk factors | [65–71] |
| Acne | Non-specific features | Important | Important | Assess and treat cardiovascular risk factors, control infection and inflammatory state | [72–74] |
| Xantelasma Palpebrarum | High total cholesterol and ApoB (1 study) | Especially important | Non-Important | Assess and treat cardiovascular risk factors, especially lipid profile | [75,76] |
| Chronic Spontaneous Urticaria | Non-specific features | Mildly important | Important | Assess and treat cardiovascular risk factors, control inflammatory state | [77–81] |
| Male Androgenetic alopecia | Non-specific features | Especially important | Non-Important& | Assess and treat cardiovascular risk factors | [82–85] |
| Calciphylaxis | Non-specific features | Important | Especially important | Assess and treat cardiovascular risk factors, control inflammatory state | [86–89] |
| Seborrheic Dermatitis | Non-specific features | Important | Mildly important | Assess and treat cardiovascular risk factors | [90–92] |
| Vitiligo | Non-specific features | Important | Mildly important | Assess and treat cardiovascular risk factors | [93–96] |
Notes: *Especially important: Referred to a critical aspect of the cardiovascular risk; #Important: Referred to an essential element of cardiovascular risk but without enough data available; °Mildly important: Some reports are mentioning this point as a possible feature in cardiovascular risk; &non-important: there is no data available of this feature in current literature.