TABLE 2.
Dual task walking performance after different tDCS interventions.
| Group | M1 group (n = 9) |
DLPFC group (n = 9) |
Cerebellum group (n = 9) |
Sham group (n = 9) |
Time | Group | Time × group | Post-hoca |
|
|
||||||||
| p-value, | p-value, | p-value, | ||||||
| F-value | F-value | F-value, η2 | ||||||
| Speed(cm/sec) | <0.001, | 0.103, | 0.005, | DLPFC vs. Sham | ||||
| F(3,32) = 56.616 | F(3,32) = 2.237 | F(3,32) = 5.125, 0.325 | ||||||
| Pre | 97.48 ± 29.2 | 78.99 ± 26.3 | 70.74 ± 23.2 | 90.01 ± 22.4 | ||||
| Post | 107.94 ± 29.6# | 98.49 ± 24.9# | 87.54 ± 24.6# | 92.77 ± 24.4 | ||||
| Cadence (step/min) | <0.001, | 0.182, | 0.005, | – | ||||
| F(3,32) = 41.497 | F(3,32) = 1.723 | F(3,32) = 5.180, 0.327 | ||||||
| Pre | 108.60 ± 12.9 | 104.87 ± 20.1 | 87.24 ± 27.9 | 108.41 ± 19.2 | ||||
| Post | 113.32 ± 14.2 | 119.18 ± 16.8# | 93.33 ± 19.2# | 111.20 ± 20.5 | ||||
| ST (sec) | 0.004, | 0.237, | 0.023, | – | ||||
| F(3,32) = 9.628 | F(3,32) = 1.487 | F(3,32) = 3.649, 0.255 | ||||||
| Pre | 1.12 ± 0.1 | 1.19 ± 0.2 | 1.23 ± 1.0 | 1.16 ± 0.3 | ||||
| Post | 1.08 ± 0.1 | 1.02 ± 0.1# | 1.15 ± 0.3 | 1.14 ± 0.3 | ||||
| SL (cm) | <0.001, | 0.100, | 0.031, | – | ||||
| F(3,32) = 22.069 | F(3,32) = 2.267 | F(3,32) = 3.340, 0.238 | ||||||
| Pre | 106.12 ± 22.5 | 89.02 ± 18.9 | 84.83 ± 24.6 | 100.11 ± 18.3 | ||||
| Post | 112.95 ± 22.0# | 98.32 ± 14.7# | 92.18 ± 18.8# | 99.30 ± 18.7 | ||||
| ST variability (%) | 0.047, | 0.832, | 0.239, | – | ||||
| F(3,32) = 4.287 | F(3,32) = 0.291 | F(3,32) = 1.476, 0.122 | ||||||
| Pre | 5.63 ± 5.5 | 5.06 ± 4.5 | 16.23 ± 18.7 | 4.80 ± 3.1 | ||||
| Post | 3.59 ± 2.5 | 3.13 ± 1.1 | 7.34 ± 3.8 | 4.58 ± 4.1 | ||||
| SL variability (%) | 0.385, | 0.319, | 0.936, | – | ||||
| F(3,32) = 0.777 | F(3,32) = 1.217 | F(3,32) = 0.138, 0.013 | ||||||
| Pre | 4.64 ± 3.3 | 5.20 ± 3.0 | 7.16 ± 4.1 | 4.38 ± 2.1 | ||||
| Post | 4.11 ± 3.3 | 4.15 ± 2.0 | 6.39 ± 3.3 | 4.46 ± 2.2 | ||||
| DTC (%) | 0.006, | 0.078, | 0.140, | – | ||||
| F(3,32) = 8.779 | F(3,32) = 2.493 | F(3,32) = 1.957, 0.155 | ||||||
| Pre | −15.19 ± 17.5 | −20.31 ± 25.7 | −18.31 ± 22.1 | −10.14 ± 11.2 | ||||
| Post | −12.27 ± 9.0 | −13.53 ± 18.4# | −13.54 ± 20.0 | −8.97 ± 14.0 | ||||
Data are presented as the mean ± SD (The Shapiro–Wilk test was used to determine the values are normally distributed). ST, stride time; SL, stride length; DTC, dual task cost. #p < 0.05 for intragroup comparison (Analyzed using paired t-test). aThe Tukey’s post-hoc test with Bonferroni correction was used to determine the intergroup differences.