Table 1.

Summary of trade-offs reported in the literature in the context of geographical and elevational range limits of species or groups of species. (N, north; S, south; I, insect; P, plant sensu lato; Ph, plant, herbaceous; Pt, plant, tree; V, vertebrate; pop, population; CG, common garden; GH, greenhouse; M⁺, manipulation performed. Traits written in italics were not measured as such, but the trade-off was hypothesized based on results. Life-history traits are indicated in green, traits related to coping with climatic stress in blue, and traits related to coping with biotic stressors in purple.)