Fig. 5.

Cumulative acoustic cavitation emissions during mock sonoporation experiments. PSNEs (10⁹/mL) were interrogated with focused ultrasound using the experimental setup in Figure 1a and FUS parameters used in sonoporation experiments (5-cycle pulse, 6.5-MPa peak negative pressure, 250-Hz pulse repetition frequency and 100-s treatment duration). Cumulative signal strength from intra-excitation and post-excitation emissions was isolated by summing up the amplitude envelope of all 25,000 individual time traces. This provides information related to when acoustic cavitation activity occurred in time (i.e., collapse times) and the strength of that activity (i.e., cumulative amplitude). PSNE = phase-shift nanoemulsion.