Table 3.

Individual relationship of trehalose and glutamate with the odds of diabetic retinopathy.

Metabolites	N	Cases (%)	Model 1		Model 2		Model 3
			OR (95% CI)	P	OR (95% CI)	P	OR (95% CI)	P
Trehalose
Per IQR			0.41 (0.26, 0.65)	<0.001	0.40 (0.25, 0.65)	<0.001	0.14 (0.06, 0.33)	<0.001
Quartiles
Q1	34	23 (67.60)	1.00 (1.00, 1.00)	Ref.	1.00 (1.00, 1.00)	Ref.	1.00 (1.00, 1.00)	Ref.
Q2	35	19 (54.30)	0.57 (0.21, 1.51)	0.257	0.44 (0.15, 1.27)	0.129	0.20 (0.05, 0.83)	0.027
Q3	35	21 (60.00)	0.72 (0.27, 1.92)	0.509	0.70 (0.25, 1.98)	0.500	0.14 (0.03, 0.63)	0.011
Q4	34	6 (17.60)	0.10 (0.03, 0.32)	<0.001	0.09 (0.03, 0.31)	<0.001	0.01 (<0.01, 0.05)	<0.001
P for trend				<0.001		0.001		<0.001
Glutamate
Per IQR			1.62 (1.15, 2.30)	0.006	1.73 (1.19, 2.52)	0.004	1.90 (1.20, 3.00)	0.006
Quartiles
Q1	34	11 (32.40)	1.00 (1.00, 1.00)	Ref.	1.00 (1.00, 1.00)	Ref.	1.00 (1.00, 1.00)	Ref.
Q2	35	16 (45.70)	1.76 (0.66, 4.69)	0.257	1.68 (0.58, 4.85)	0.339	1.43 (0.42, 4.93)	0.571
Q3	35	21 (60.00)	3.14 (1.17, 8.41)	0.023	3.11 (1.07, 9.00)	0.037	3.00 (0.81,11.16)	0.101
Q4	34	21 (61.80)	3.38 (1.25, 9.16)	0.017	4.55 (1.53, 13.55)	0.007	5.59 (1.51, 20.62)	0.010
P for trend				0.008		0.003		0.004

Model 1: unadjusted. Model 2: adjusted for SBP and duration of diabetes. Model 3: adjusted for confounders screened by the LASSO regression model, including TG, SBP, DBP, duration of diabetes, residence, degree of education, smoking status, history of hypertension, ITIADM and therapy or not.

IQR, interquartile range; OR, odds ratio; Q1, the first quartile; Q2, the second quartile; Q3, the third quartile; Q4, the fourth quartile.