Proximal Predictors of Gun Violence Among Adolescent Males Involved in Crime

. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2022 Feb 21.

Published in final edited form as: Law Hum Behav. 2019 Apr 18;43(3):250–262. doi: 10.1037/lhb0000327

Variable	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9
Wave 1
1. Gun violence	—
2. Hostility	.12	—
3. Personal rewards	.24^*	.14	—
4. Poor future orientation	.23^*	.20^*	.38^***	—
5. Alcohol use	.24^*	.21^*	.39^***	.41^***	—
6. Time in ungainful activity	.05	.08	−.06	.04	−.21^*	—
7. Gang involvement	.30^**	.25^*	.35^**	.16	.19	−.15	—
8. Witness NG-violence	.36^***	.20^*	.20^*	.08	.26^**	.02	.17	—
9. Victim NG-violence	.33^***	.31^**	.31^**	.14	.34^***	−.16	.25^**	.52^***	—
10. Neighborhood disadvantage	−.06	−.27^*	−.19	−.35^***	−.13	.21	.01	−.07	−.14
Wave 2
1. Gun violence	—
2. Hostility	.19	—
3. Personal rewards	.16	.06	—
4. Poor future orientation	.25^**	.17	.33^***	—
5. Alcohol use	.20^*	.19	.35^***	.10	—
6. Time in ungainful activity	.23^*	.10	−.08	−.04	−.10	—
7. Gang involvement	−.05	.03	.30^**	.13	.24^*	−.08	—
8. Witness NG-violence	.39^***	.47^***	.11	.07	.33^***	.11	−.01	—
9. Victim NG-violence	.25^**	.14	.03	.09	.17	−.03	.10	.43^***	—
10. Neighborhood disadvantage	.24^*	.08	−.24^*	−.14	−.01	.32^**	−.11	.17	.00
Wave 3
1. Gun violence	—
2. Hostility	.06	—
3. Personal rewards	.03	.20	—
4. Poor future orientation	.15	.01	.23^*	—
5. Alcohol use	−.03	.13	.13	.09	—
6. Time in ungainful activity	.19^*	.10	.01	.05	.04	—
7. Gang involvement	.02	.10	.15	.07	.24^*	−.02	—
8. Witness NG-violence	.23^*	.20	.00	.08	.05	.11	.04	—
9. Victim NG-violence	.10	.09	.04	−.10	.06	.12	.10	.21^*	—
10. Neighborhood disadvantage	.11	−.22^*	−.18	−.14	−.06	.14	−.10	.08	.09
Wave 4
1. Gun violence	—
2. Hostility	.00	—
3. Personal rewards	.15	.22	—
4. Poor future orientation	.16	.07	.23^*	—
5. Alcohol use	.14	.12	.30^***	.01	—
6. Time in ungainful activity	.13	.05	−.06	.12	−.07	—
7. Gang involvement	.09	.23^*	.38^***	.22^*	.29^**	.00	—
8. Witness NG-violence	.39^***	.39^***	.11	−.07	.14	.11	.10	—
9. Victim NG-violence	.10	.25^*	.18	.15	.19^*	.20^*	.32^***	.29^**	—
10. Neighborhood disadvantage	.08	−.13	−.16	.03	−.13	.10	−.07	.11	−.04
Wave 5
1. Gun violence	—
2. Hostility	.16	—
3. Personal rewards	.15	.09	—
4. Poor future orientation	−.09	−.06	.00	—
5. Alcohol use	.05	.13	.22^*	.03	—
6. Time in ungainful activity	.12	.08	−.16	−.03	.00	—
7. Gang involvement	.17	.08	.41^***	−.18	.19^*	−.04	—
8. Witness NG-violence	.41^***	.24^*	.11	−.26^**	.26^**	−.06	.14	—
9. Victim NG-violence	.29^**	.42^***	.04	−.22^*	.15	.01	.20		—
10. Neighborhood disadvantage	.04	−.03	−.20	.01	.05	.20	.04	.02	−.05
Wave 6
1. Gun violence	—
2. Hostility	.10	—
3. Personal rewards	.22^*	.23^*	—
4. Poor future orientation	.12	−.05	.01	—
5. Alcohol use	.26^**	.14	.36^***	.09	—
6. Time in ungainful activity	.21^*	−.04	−.16	.27^**	−.03	—
7. Gang involvement	.18	−.01	.20^*	.02	.36^***	.14	—
8. Witness NG-violence	.52^***	.23^*	.21^*	−.06	.23^*	.05	.24^*	—
9. Victim NG-violence	.46^***	.25^*	.44^***	.02	.21^*	.03	.19	.54^***	—
10. Neighborhood disadvantage	.04	−.31^***	−.15	.11	−.38^***	.33^**	−.11	.03	.21

p < .05.

^**

p < .01.

^***

p < .001.