Table 1.
Baseline characteristics and univariate analysis
| Patient characteristics | All patients | Non-severe COVID-19 infection | Severe COVID-19 infection | p-value | Unadjusted OR (95% CI) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demograpic data | n = 227 | n = 105 | ||||
| Sex: male | n (%) | 191 (57.5) | 115 (50.7) | 76 (72.4) | < 0.001 | 2.55 (1.56—4.26) |
| Age | Mean (SD) | 60 (16.4) | 58.1 (16.1) | 64.9 (16.3) | < 0.001 | 1.03 (1.01–1.05) |
| Comorbidity: pulmonary disease | n (%) | 83 (25) | 53 (23.8) | 29 (27.6) | 0.54 | |
| Comorbidity: cardiovascular disease | n (%) | 165 (49.7) | 115 (50.7) | 50 (47.6) | 0.691 | |
| Comorbidity: diabetes mellitus | n (%) | 89 (26.8) | 49 (21.6) | 40 (38.1) | 0.002 | 2.23 (1.35—3.71) |
| Comorbidity: malignancy | n (%) | 52 (15.7) | 35 (15.4) | 17 (16.1) | 0.986 | |
| Comorbidity: renal disease | n (%) | 55 (16.6) | 43 (18.9) | 12 (11.4) | 0.12 | |
| Comorbidity: auto-immune diseases | n (%) | 37 (11.1) | 27 (11.9) | 10 (9.5) | 0.652 | |
| Comorbidity: immunodeficiency | n (%) | 63 (19) | 53 (23.3) | 10 (9.5) | 0.005 | |
| Vital parameters | ||||||
| Heartrate | Mean (SD) | 94.1 (18.4) | 91 (17.9) | 101 (19.6) | < 0.001 | 1.03 (1.02–1.04) |
| Respiratory rate | Mean (SD) | 25.2 (9) | 24 (8.9) | 27 (8.9) | 0.001 | 1.03 (1.02–1.07) |
| Oxygen saturation | Median (IQR) | 95 (94–97) | 96 (94–97) | 94 (88–96) | < 0.001 | 0.85 (0.82–0.92) |
| Diastolic blood pressure | Mean (SD) | 79.4 (16) | 81 (15.6) | 77 (16.2) | 0.005 | 0.98 (0.96–0.99) |
| Systolic blood pressure | Mean (SD) | 134.6 (22.2) | 136 (21.8) | 135 (23.2) | 0.156 | |
| Temperature (Celcius) | Mean (SD) | 37.6 (1) | 37.5 (0.9) | 37.8 (1.2) | 0.288 | |
| Laboratory testing | ||||||
| Procalcitonin (ng/mL) | Median (IQR) | 0.14 (0.07–0.38) | 0.1 (0.06–0.18) | 0.47 (0.17–1.46) | < 0.001 | 4.19 (2.52–7.69) |
| CRP (mg/L) | Median (IQR) | 62 (26–136) | 46 (19–93) | 141 (67–213) | < 0.001 | 1.01 (1.01–1.02) |
| Leucocyte count | Median (IQR) | 6.4 (4.8–9) | 5.8 (4.4–7.7) | 7.7 (6.1–11.1) | < 0.001 | 1.16 (1.1–1.24) |
| Hemoglobin (mmol/L) | Mean (SD) | 8 (1.3) | 8 (1.2) | 7.9 (1.5) | 0.504 | |
| RDW (%) | Median (IQR) | 13.3 (12.6–14.6) | 13.2 (12.5–14.2) | 13.9 (12.9–14.6) | 0.014 | 1.04 (0.95–1.15) |
| Thrombocytes | Median (IQR) | 206 (164–265) | 205 (167–264) | 206 (160–266) | 0.851 | |
| ASAT (U/L) | Median (IQR) | 41 (28–61) | 36 (27–53) | 53 (36–81) | < 0.001 | 1.02 (1.01–1.02) |
| ALAT (U/L) | Median (IQR) | 28 (19–48) | 27 (18–43) | 31 (22–53) | 0.012 | 1.01 (1–1.01) |
| Total bilirubin (umol/L) | Median (IQR) | 8 (6–11) | 8 (6–11) | 8 (6–12) | 0.976 | |
| D-dimer (mg/L) | Median (IQR) | 1.07 (0.5–2.18) | 1 (0.47–1.48) | 1.72 (0.71–4.51) | < 0.001 | 1.22 (1.13–1.4) |
| Creatinin (umol/L) | Median (IQR) | 88 (70–122) | 82 (67–110) | 111 (83–163) | < 0.001 | 1.01 (1–1.01) |
| Lactate (mmol/L) | Median (IQR) | 1.3 (1–1.8) | 1.2 (1–1.7) | 1.6 (1.2–2.5) | < 0.001 | 2.15 (1.56–2.94) |
| Bacterial coinfection | n (%) | 37 (11) | 19 (8) | 18 (17) | 0.030 | 2.26 (1.13–4.54) |
| Outcome data | ||||||
| Admission length | Median (IQR) | 7 (214) | 6 (09) | 16 (827) | < 0.001 | |
| Mortality | n (%) | 61 (18.4) | 0 (0) | 66 (58.1) | < 0.001 |
SD standard deviation, IQR interquartile range, OR odds ratio, CRP C-reactive protein, RDW red blood cell distribution width, ASAT aspartate aminotransferase, ALAT alanine-aminotransferase