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(A) Potential PNS routes along mandibular nerve (V3) toward Meckel’s cave; (B) From Meckel’s cave, the malignant cells can spread either retrograde (blue arrows) or antegrade (red arrows), reaching even facial nerve (CN VII) through greater superficial petrosal nerve (GSPN) [7,10,11,35]. Tu: Tumor; n: Nerve; gg: Ganglion.
