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Possible routes for PNS along the facial nerve (CN VII), blue arrows = retrograde spread. The geniculate ganglion (gg) has four branches (br.): Tympanic, great superficial petrosal nerve (GSPN), lesser petrosal nerve (LPN), and external petrosal nerve (EPN), of which GSPN constitutes an important retrograde tumoral route due to connections with the maxillary nerve [7,10,11,35]. seg: Segment, f: Foramen, IAC: Internal auditory canal.
