Table 2.
Exposures, outcomes, and adjustment variables of seven included studies of tooth loss in relation to incidence of ischemic stroke.
| Author (year) | Tooth loss evaluation | Ischemic stroke assessment | Effect estimates | Risk | Adjustment variables |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wu et al. (2000) | Dental examination | Review of medical history, including ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke | RR | No periodontal disease: 1.00R | Age, sex, race, education, poverty index, diabetes status, hypertension, smoking status, average alcohol use, body mass index, and serum cholesterol |
| Edentulous: 1.41 (0.96–2.06) | |||||
| Joshipura et al. (2003) | Self-reported questionnaire | Medical evaluation and self-reports, only including ischemic stroke | HR | 25–32 teeth: 1.00R | Age, smoking, alcohol consumptions, body mass index, physical activity, family history of myocardial infarction, multivitamin supplement use, vitamin E use, history of hypertension, diabetes, hypercholesterolemia, and professions |
| 17–24 teeth: 1.50 (1.14–1.97) | |||||
| 11–16 teeth: 1.74 (1.08–2.81) | |||||
| 0–10 teeth:1.66 (1.10–2.51) | |||||
| Joshy et al. (2016) | Self-reported questionnaire | Medical evaluation and self-reports, only including ischemic stroke | HR | 20 teeth: 1R | Age, sex, tobacco smoking, alcohol consumption, Australian born status, region of residence, education, health insurance, physical activity, and body mass index |
| 10–19 teeth: 1.11 (0.72–1.73) | |||||
| 1–9 teeth: 0.90 (0.59–1.40) | |||||
| None: 1.20 (0.90–1.62) | |||||
| Lee et al. (2019) | Dental examination | Medical evaluation, only including ischemic stroke | HR | 28 teeth: 1R | Age, sex, body mass index, diagnosis of diabetes mellitus, hypertension, dyslipidemia, chronic pulmonary disease, end-stage renal disease, smoking history, drinking history, exercise habits, and low income level |
| 24–27 teeth: 1.12 (1.09–1.16) | |||||
| 14–23 teeth: 1.26 (1.20–1.32) | |||||
| 1–13 teeth: 1.28 (1.18–1.39) | |||||
| None: 1.30 (1.13–1.50) | |||||
| Total: 1.015 (1.012–1.018) | |||||
| Grau et al. (2004) | Dental examination | Medical evaluation, including ischemic stroke and transient ischemic attack | OR | No tooth loss: 1.0R | Age and sex |
| 1–19 teeth loss: 0.97 (0.42–2.2) | |||||
| 20–27 teeth loss: 0.75 (0.27–2.05) | |||||
| All teeth loss: 1.50 (0.52–4.44) | |||||
| Palm et al. (2014) | Dental examination and interview using a structured questionnaire | Medical evaluation, self-reports and review of medical history, including ischemic stroke and transient ischemic attack | P-value | Teeth number | None |
| Cases: 13.8 ± 10.8 | |||||
| Population controls: 16.6 ± 10.1 | |||||
| P-value: 0.04 | |||||
| Leao et al. (2021) | Dental examination | Medical evaluation, including ischemic stroke and transient ischemic attack | P-value | Teeth number | None |
| Cases: 11.78 ± 10.06 | |||||
| Hospital controls: 18.53 ± 8.02 | |||||
| P-value: <0.01 |