Table 2.
Associations of daily opioid use with sociodemographic and clinical characteristics among aged home care clients
| Characteristics | Unadjusted | Multivariable model 1 | Multivariable model 2 |
|---|---|---|---|
| OR (95% CI) | Adjusted OR (95% CI) | Adjusted OR (95% CI) | |
| Age (year) | 1.00 (0.99–1.02) | 0.99 (0.97–1.01) | 0.99 (0.97–1.01) |
| Gender, female | 1.50 (1.11–2.04) | 1.20 (0.85–1.68) | 0.99 (0.69–1.42) |
| Disability in ADLs (≥ 1) | 1.41 (1.08–1.84) | 1.20 (0.86–1.67) | 1.14 (0.80–1.61) |
| Performance in IADLs | |||
| 0–7 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| 8–14 | 1.56 (1.14–2.11) | 1.63 (1.17–2.25) | 1.62 (1.15–2.28) |
| 15–21 | 1.49 (1.06–2.07) | 1.68 (1.10–2.56) | 1.89 (1.21–2.96) |
| Unstable health state (CHESS ≥ 3) | 1.47 (1.03–2.11) | 1.16 (0.78–1.74) | 0.84 (0.55–1.28) |
| Depressive symptoms (DRS ≥ 3) | 1.97 (1.46–2.65) | 2.05 (1.48–2.85) | 1.25 (0.88–1.78) |
| Cognitive impairment (CPS ≥ 2) | 0.55 (0.43–0.71) | 0.43 (0.32–0.58) | 0.54 (0.40–0.74) |
| Chronic conditions | |||
| Arthritis | 1.70 (1.17–2.47) | 1.56 (1.05–2.33) | 1.35 (0.89–2.07) |
| Cancer (within previous 5 years) | 1.51 (1.01–2.25) | 1.73 (1.13–2.64) | 1.59 (1.02–2.49) |
| Cardiac disease | 1.18 (0.92–1.51) | 1.14 (0.87–1.50) | 1.09 (0.82–1.45) |
| Chronic renal failure | 1.13 (0.74–1.72) | 1.02 (0.66–1.60) | 0.93 (0.58–1.48) |
| Diabetes | 1.05 (0.80–1.37) | 1.17 (0.88–1.57) | 1.28 (0.94–1.73) |
| History of any fracture affecting the present health status | 1.82 (1.22–2.71) | 1.46 (0.96–2.23) | 1.23 (0.79–1.91) |
| History of stroke | 0.68 (0.42–1.12) | 0.69 (0.41–1.16) | 0.73 (0.42–1.26) |
| Osteoporosis | 2.80 (2.14–3.66) | 2.60 (1.95–3.49) | 2.29 (1.68–3.12) |
| Parkinson’s disease | 2.06 (1.13–3.74) | 1.93 (1.01–3.69) | 1.98 (0.99–3.97) |
| Peripheral arterial disease or venous insufficiency | 1.14 (0.77–1.69) | 0.94 (0.62–1.44) | 0.80 (0.52–1.24) |
| Pressure ulcer | 2.36 (1.47–3.77) | 2.00 (1.20–3.33) | 1.40 (0.81–2.43) |
| Pain scale | |||
| No | 1 | 1 | |
| Less than daily | 3.89 (2.32–6.52) | 3.42 (2.02–5.78) | |
| Daily, mild to moderate | 8.17 (5.07–13.17) | 6.67 (4.08–10.89) | |
| Daily, severe | 25.47 (15.42–42.07) | 20.15 (11.87–34.22) | |
Model 1 adjusted for all factors mentioned above except the Pain scale (Hosmer–Lemeshow p value 0.252). Model 2 adjusted for all factors mentioned above (Hosmer–Lemeshow p-value 0.470)