Table 3.
Associations of different symptoms with daily opioid use among aged home care clients
| Symptoms | Prevalence of symptoms according to status of opioid use | Univariate | Adjusted models 1 | Adjusted models 2 | Adjusted models 3 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Users (n = 282) | Non-users (n = 2302) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | |
| % | % | |||||
| Unsteady gait | 82.3 | 69.2 | 2.07 (1.50–2.84) | 1.72 (1.23–2.40) | 1.64 (1.17–2.29) | 1.19 (0.84–1.69) |
| Does not go outside because of fear of falling | 63.5 | 47.3 | 1.94 (1.50–2.50) | 1.69 (1.28–2.22) | 1.65 (1.25–2.19) | 1.23 (0.92–1.64) |
| Dizziness within the last three days | 26.6 | 27.7 | 0.94 (0.71–1.25) | 0.77 (0.57–1.03) | 0.75 (0.55–1.00) | 0.59 (0.43–0.80) |
| Difficulties in urination in at least two of the last three days | 6.4 | 6.3 | 1.01 (0.61–1.68) | 0.86 (0.51–1.45) | 0.84 (0.50–1.44) | 0.66 (0.38–1.15) |
| Constipation in last three days | 3.2 | 0.9 | 3.75 (1.69–8.31) | 3.65 (1.55–8.57) | 3.91 (1.66–9.21) | 2.84 (1.08–7.44) |
| Lack of appetite in at least two of the last three days | 12.1 | 7.7 | 1.65 (1.12–2.44) | 1.50 (0.99–2.26) | 1.42 (0.93–2.15) | 1.32 (0.85–2.04) |
| Vomiting in at least 2 of the last 3 days | 0.7 | 0.7 | 1.09 (0.25–4.77) | 0.73 (0.15–3.44) | 0.64 (0.13–3.07) | 0.69 (0.13–3.63) |
| Delusions within the last 3 days | 1.8 | 5.3 | 0.32 (0.13–0.79) | 0.30 (0.12–0.77) | 0.34 (0.13–0.88) | 0.39 (0.15–1.03) |
| Hallucinations within the last 3 days | 3.2 | 3.1 | 1.03 (0.51–2.09) | 1.03 (0.48–2.23) | 1.03 (0.47–2.25) | 1.08 (0.48–2.42) |
| Poor self-rated health | 45.0 | 26.3 | 2.29 (1.78–2.95) | 1.76 (1.33–2.32) | 1.67 (1.26–2.22) | 1.02 (0.75–1.38) |
Models 1: symptom, age, gender, CPS (≥ or < 2), DRS (≥ or < 3), any psychiatric disorder, a history of stroke, Parkinson’s disease, cancer, cardiac disease, chronic renal failure, peripheral arterial disease or venous insufficiency, diabetes, arthritis, osteoporosis, a history of any fracture affecting the present health status. Models 2: factors in model 1 + use of antipsychotics, antidepressants, and benzodiazepines and related drugs. Models 3: factors in model 1 and 2 + the Pain scale. The Hosmer–Lemeshow test found poor goodness of fit for models 1 urination and vomiting only