Table 1.
Characteristics of the patient and laboratory results in the development, tuning, and validation sets.
| Development set (n = 32,707) | Tuning set (n = 8,295) | Validation set (n = 30,469) | p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chronological age (years) | 53.3 ± 16.9 | 52.8 ± 17.3 | 51.8 ± 16.9 | <0.001 |
| Gender (male) | 18,044 (52.1%) | 4,454 (50.3%) | 16,726 (51.7%) | 0.011 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 24.6 ± 4.0 | 24.5 ± 4.0 | 24.5 ± 4.0 | 0.047 |
| SBP (mmHg) | 125.5 ± 19.9 | 124.8 ± 19.6 | 124.4 ± 19.5 | <0.001 |
| DBP (mmHg) | 78.4 ± 12.4 | 77.9 ± 12.3 | 78.0 ± 12.3 | <0.001 |
| Disease history | ||||
| DM | 6,054 (17.5%) | 1,142 (12.9%) | 4,008 (12.4%) | <0.001 |
| HTN | 9,509 (27.4%) | 2,508 (28.3%) | 10,027 (31.0%) | <0.001 |
| HLP | 9,682 (27.9%) | 2,171 (24.5%) | 6,935 (21.5%) | <0.001 |
| CKD | 1,312 (3.8%) | 283 (3.2%) | 781 (2.4%) | <0.001 |
| AMI | 362 (1.0%) | 83 (0.9%) | 283 (0.9%) | 0.079 |
| STK | 1,913 (5.5%) | 525 (5.9%) | 1,829 (5.7%) | 0.315 |
| CAD | 4,740 (13.7%) | 1,321 (14.9%) | 4,917 (15.2%) | <0.001 |
| HF | 1,147 (3.3%) | 343 (3.9%) | 1,518 (4.7%) | <0.001 |
| AF | 783 (2.3%) | 222 (2.5%) | 795 (2.5%) | 0.161 |
| COPD | 3,281 (9.5%) | 958 (10.8%) | 3,050 (9.4%) | <0.001 |
| Laboratory test | ||||
| GLU (mg/dL) | 107.4 ± 37.7 | 101.9 ± 32.8 | 102.5 ± 33.7 | <0.001 |
| HbA1c (%) | 6.0 ± 1.2 | 5.8 ± 1.0 | 5.8 ± 1.0 | <0.001 |
| TG (mg/dL) | 129.5 ± 86.7 | 126.2 ± 81.4 | 127.6 ± 81.8 | 0.001 |
| TC (mg/dL) | 186.1 ± 39.0 | 187.0 ± 39.1 | 187.6 ± 38.3 | <0.001 |
| LDL (mg/dL) | 113.2 ± 33.7 | 113.9 ± 33.8 | 115.4 ± 33.6 | <0.001 |
| HDL (mg/dL) | 51.9 ± 13.7 | 51.7 ± 13.6 | 51.4 ± 13.6 | <0.001 |
| eGFR (mL/min) | 91.0 ± 24.0 | 91.2 ± 24.0 | 92.3 ± 23.1 | <0.001 |
| BUN (mg/dL) | 15.6 ± 9.2 | 15.5 ± 8.7 | 15.1 ± 8.4 | <0.001 |
| Na (mEq/L) | 139.8 ± 2.8 | 140.0 ± 2.9 | 140.0 ± 2.9 | <0.001 |
| K (mEq/L) | 4.1 ± 0.4 | 4.1 ± 0.4 | 4.0 ± 0.4 | <0.001 |
| Cl (mEq/L) | 103.6 ± 3.1 | 103.7 ± 3.0 | 103.8 ± 3.1 | <0.001 |
| Ca (mg/dL) | 9.4 ± 0.4 | 9.4 ± 0.4 | 9.3 ± 0.4 | <0.001 |
| Mg (mg/dL) | 2.2 ± 0.2 | 2.2 ± 0.2 | 2.2 ± 0.2 | 0.005 |
| AST (U/L) | 22.3 ± 19.4 | 22.3 ± 16.3 | 22.2 ± 18.7 | 0.931 |
| ALT (U/L) | 23.3 ± 25.2 | 22.9 ± 25.7 | 23.4 ± 29.7 | 0.234 |
| Alb (g/dL) | 4.4 ± 0.3 | 4.4 ± 0.3 | 4.4 ± 0.4 | 0.009 |
| CRP (mg/L) | 0.9 ± 2.1 | 0.8 ± 2.0 | 0.9 ± 2.1 | 0.046 |
| WBC (103/uL) | 6.5 ± 3.2 | 6.5 ± 2.6 | 6.5 ± 2.0 | 0.003 |
| PLT (103/uL) | 245.5 ± 68.5 | 232.1 ± 62.6 | 230.9 ± 63.6 | <0.001 |
| Hb (mg/dL) | 13.7 ± 1.8 | 13.7 ± 1.8 | 13.8 ± 1.8 | <0.001 |
BMI, body mass index; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; DM, diabetes mellitus; HTN, hypertension; HLP, hyperlipidemia; CKD, chronic kidney disease; AMI, acute myocardial infarction; STK, stroke; CAD, coronary artery disease; HF, heart failure; AF, atrial fibrillation; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; GLU, glucose; HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin; TG, triglyceride; TC, total cholesterol; LDL, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HDL, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; BUN, blood urea nitrogen; Na, sodium; K, potassium; Cl, chloride; Ca, calcium; Mg, magnesium; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; CRP, C-reactive protein; Alb, albumin; WBC, white blood cell count; PLT, platelet; Hb, hemoglobin.