Table 2.
Adjusted association between week, demographic characteristics, and naloxone and buprenorphine prescribing after ED visits for opioid overdosea
| Factor | Number of ED visits for opioid overdose (% of sample) | At least one naloxone prescription within 30 days | At least one buprenorphine prescription within 30 days |
|---|---|---|---|
| Three-week increment | N/A | +0.10 (0.08, 0.12) | +0.014 (−0.00048, 0.033) |
| Sex | |||
| Female | 53,073 (35.6%) | Ref | Ref |
| Male | 95,893 (64.4%) | −0.3 (−0.6, −0.01) | 0.7 (0.4, 1.0) |
| Age group | |||
| 0–17 | 3,525 (2.4%) | Ref | Ref |
| 18–25 | 20,539 (13.8%) | 4.2 (3.5–5.0) | 6.9 (6.4, 7.5) |
| 26–34 | 42,150 (28.3%) | 3.7 (3.0–4.4) | 9.8 (9.3, 10.2) |
| 35–44 | 31,868 (21.4%) | 3.1 (2.4–3.9) | 8.7 (8.2, 9.2) |
| 45–54 | 22,447 (15.1%) | 2.9 (2.1–3.6) | 5.9 (5.4, 6.4) |
| 55–64 | 19,824 (13.3%) | 2.5 (1.7–3.2) | 3.8 (3.3, 4.3) |
| 65–74 | 6,615 (4.4%) | 2.0 (1.1, 2.9) | 2.2 (1.7, 2.9) |
| 75 and older | 1,855 (1.2%) | 0.02 (−0.01, 0.01) | −0.08 (−0.7, 0.5) |
| Unknownb | 143 (0.1%) | N/A | N/A |
| Method of payment for ED visit | |||
| Commercial | 97,113 (65.2%) | Ref | Ref |
| Medicare | 8,405 (5.6%) | 1.1 (0.3, 1.8) | −0.9 (−1.6, −0.09) |
| Medicaid | 39,847 (26.7%) | 1.3 (0.1, 1.6) | −0.1 (−0.5, 0.1) |
| Cash | 994 (0.7%) | −0.9 (−2.4, 0.6) | −3.2 (−4.6, −1.8) |
| Other government | 1,201 (0.8%) | −1.7 (−2.9, −0.4) | −3.6 (−5.0, −2.3) |
| Unknown | 1,406 (0.9%) | −1.7 (−2.9, −0.5) | −0.6 (−2.1, 0.9) |
| Region of patient residence | |||
| Northeast | 35,784 (24.0%) | Ref | Ref |
| Midwest | 46,931 (31.5%) | −2.0 (−2.4, −1.6) | −1.7 (−2.2, −1.3) |
| South | 43,312 (29.1%) | −1.9 (−2.3, −1.5) | −3.8 (−4.2, −3.4) |
| West | 19,994 (13.4%) | −0.3 (−0.8, 0.2) | −4.3 (−4.8, −3.8) |
| Unknown | 2,945 (2.0%) | −4.9 (5.6, −4.1) | −7.0 (−7.8, −6.2) |
ED – emergency department; N/A – not applicable
For each of the two outcomes, we fitted a logistic regression model with generalized estimating equations, an exchangeable correlation structure, and robust standard errors clustered at the patient level. Analyses were conducted at the patient level. Week was coded as a continuous variable. Displayed are the average marginal effect of week (the absolute change in the probability of the outcome associated with a one-unit increase in week) as well as the average marginal effects of each categorical variable for demographic characteristics (the absolute change in the probability of the outcome if all versus no ED visits in the sample had the value of the variable in question compared with the baseline category).
The 143 visits with missing data for age were dropped from the regression because none had naloxone or buprenorphine prescribing within 30 days.