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. 2022 Feb 21;41(1):23. doi: 10.1007/s10921-022-00853-6

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 10 — a A schematic depiction of the setup used to test the validity of the force produced from the PZT actuator and b a photo of the physical setup. c Voltage measurements in the dynamic force transducer for a applied step of $V_{step}$ = 273 V for 1 ms. All 25 measurement (gray) and the stacked response (black) is shown. The peak voltage was calculated for all measurements (gray circle) and the stacked signal (red circle)