Table 3.
Risk and protective factors associated with HRI.
| Factors | Risk factor | Protective factor | No significant association | Comment* |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Work organization and management | ||||
| Workload | Mac (79) Mac et al. (74) Vega-Arroyo et al. (75) | Suggested evidence of increased risk of HRI | ||
| Payment method | Crowe et al. (102) Spector et al. (27) Luque et al. (101) | Arcury et al. (60) | Suggested evidence of increased risk of HRI | |
| Job decision latitude | Hansen et al. (29) Lam et al. (103) | Suggested evidence of increased risk of HRI | ||
| Work safety climate | Wilmsen et al. (104) | Limited evidence of increased risk of HRI | ||
| Task duration | Grimbuhler and Viel (85) | Limited evidence of increased risk of HRI | ||
| Behavioral factors | ||||
| Rest in shaded area | Riccò et al. (63) | Fleischer et al. (30) | Limited evidence of reduced risk of HRI | |
| Extra breaks | Fleischer et al. (30) Arnold et al. (51) |
Spector et al. (27) Riccò et al. (63) | Inconsistent or conflicting evidence | |
| Change work hours and activities | Mirabelli et al. (40) | Limited evidence of reduced risk of HRI | ||
| Reduce soda consumption | Fleischer et al. (30) | Limited evidence of reduced risk of HRI | ||
| Fluid intake | Kiatkitroj et al. (69) | Limited evidence of reduced risk of HRI | ||
| Wear excessive clothing | Kiatkitroj et al. (69) | Limited evidence of reduced risk of HRI | ||
| Accessibility to heat prevention and treatment | ||||
| Culture and language | Hansen et al. (29) Lam et al. (103) | Suggested evidence of increased risk of HRI | ||
| Access to toilet | Spector et al. (27) | Limited evidence of increased risk of EHI | ||
| Access to medical attention | Fleischer et al. (30) | Limited evidence of reduced risk of HRI | ||
| Sociodemographic factors | ||||
| Gender | ||||
| Female gender | Mac (79) Mac et al. (74) Mutic et al. (57) Kiatkitroj et al. (69) | Riccò et al. (63) Vega-Arroyo et al. (75) | Suggested evidence of increased risk of HRI | |
| Male gender | Grimbuhler and Viel (85) | |||
| Older age | Arcury et al. (60) Arcury et al. (49) Arnold et al. (51) | Spector et al. (27) | Mutic et al. (57) Riccò et al. (63) Vega-Arroyo et al. (75) Mac et al. (74) Grimbuhler and Viel (85) | Inconsistent or conflicting evidence |
| Migrant status | Riccò et al. (63) Mutic et al. (57) Arcury et al. (49) Arnold et al. (51) | no evidence from increased risk of HRI | ||
| Environmental conditions | ||||
| Hot environmental conditions | Vega-Arroyo et al. (75) Gun and Budd (72) | Mac et al. (74) | Suggested evidence of increased risk of HRI | |
| Grimbuhler and Viel (85) Ioannou et al. (87) Mohammadian et al. (84) |
Suggested evidence: Two or more of the reviewed studies identified the same risk or protective factor.
Limited evidence: Only one study identified the risk or protective factor.
Inconsistent or conflicting evidence: One or more studies identified a specific risk or protective factor while one or more studies identified a contradictory association or a non-significant association.
No evidence: No studies identified a significant association.
*
criteria used to evaluate the risk factors.