Table 2.
Emerging approaches in hemophilia
| Classification | Treatment | Evidence in hemophilia |
|---|---|---|
| Physical therapies | Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) |
Roche et al., Pain. 1985;21(1):43–8 De la Corte-Rodriguez, Rodriguez-Merchan, Blood Coagulation and Fibrinolysis. 2012 Sep;24(1):1–9 |
| Neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NEMS) | No evidence | |
| Spinal cord stimulation (SCS) | No evidence | |
| Low-level laser therapy (LLLT) | Eid et al., Lasers Med Sci. 2015 Nov;30(8):2179–87 | |
| Pulsed electromagnetic field (PEMF) | Eid et al., Lasers Med Sci. 2015 Nov;30(8):2179–87 | |
| Acupuncture | Oliveira et al., Haemophilia. 2020 Nov;26(6):e315–e22 | |
| Scrambler therapy | No evidence | |
| Kinesiotaping | Azab et al., Journal of Musculoskeletal and Neuronal Interactions. 2020;20(2):256–64 | |
| Local treatment | Transplantation with bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cell | Buda et al., Cartilage. 2015 Jul;6(3):150–5 |
| Intra-articular injections of ozone | No evidence | |
| Systemic treatment | Endocannabinoids | No evidence |
| Antidepressants and anticonvulsants | Stromer et al., Wien Klin Wochenschr. 2021 Mar 4 | |
| Iron chelators, anti-inflammatories, anti-fibrinolytics | Pulles et al., Pharmacol Res. 2017 Jan;115:192–9 | |
| Behavioral approaches | Mindfulness | No evidence |
| Cognitive behavioral therapy | García-Dasí et al., Haemophilia. 2021 May; 27 (3), e357–e367 |