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. 2022 Feb 22;30(6):785–793. doi: 10.1038/s41417-022-00435-8

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© The Author(s) 2022, corrected publication 2022

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Fig. 1 — Interplay of alphaviral srRNA vectors and host pathways are shown. Non-structural proteins and non-coding regions from diverse alphaviruses can differentially impact endosomal release, replication, translation, cellular stress, autophagy, innate immune activation through pattern recognition receptors (PRR) and sensors RIG-I/MDA5, protein sorting and secretion, as well as proteolytic processing and peptide presentation on major histocompatibility molecules for adaptive immune responses.